PAPER-III

LINGUISTICS
Signature and Name of Invigilator
1.
(Signature)

(Name) Roll No.


2.
(Signature) (In figures as per admission card) (Name)




D 3 1 1 1

Roll (In words)
Time 2 1/2 hours] [Maximum Marks 200
Number of Pages in this Booklet 32 Number of Questions in this Booklet 19


Instructions for the Candidates

1.
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2.
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4.
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5.
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6.
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7.
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8.
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9.
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1.
¯ÖÆü»Öê ¯Öéšü Ûêú ‰ú¯Ö¸ü ×®ÖµÖŸÖ Ã£ÖÖ®Ö ¯Ö¸ü †¯Ö®ÖÖ ¸üÖê»Ö ®Ö´²Ö¸ü ×»Ö×ÜÖ‹ …

2.
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‡ÃÖÛêú ×»Ö‹ ÛúÖê‡Ô †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ÛúÖÝÖ•Ö ÛúÖ ˆ¯ÖµÖÖêÝÖ ®ÖÆüà Ûú¸ü®ÖÖ Æîü …


3.
¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ¯ÖÏÖ¸ü´³Ö ÆüÖê®Öê ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê ¤êü ¤üß •ÖÖµÖêÝÖß … ¯ÖÆü»Öê ¯ÖÖÑ"Ö ×´Ö®Ö™ü †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ÜÖÖê»Ö®Öê ŸÖ£ÖÖ ˆÃÖÛúß ×®Ö´®Ö×»Ö×ÜÖŸÖ

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Ûú¾Ö¸ü ¯Öéšü ¯Ö¸ü "û¯Öê ×®Ö¤ìü¿ÖÖ®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ Ûêú ¯Öéšü ŸÖ£ÖÖ ¯ÖÏ¿®ÖÖë Ûúß ÃÖÓܵÖÖ ÛúÖê †""ûß ŸÖ¸üÆü "ÖîÛú Ûú¸ü »Öë ×Ûú µÖê ¯Öæ¸êü Æïü … ¤üÖêÂÖ¯ÖæÞÖÔ ¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ×•Ö®Ö´Öë ¯Öéšü/¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Ûú´Ö ÆüÖë µÖÖ ¤ãü²ÖÖ¸üÖ †Ö ÝÖµÖê ÆüÖë µÖÖ ÃÖß׸üµÖ»Ö ´Öë ÆüÖë †£ÖÖÔŸÖË ×ÛúÃÖß ³Öß ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü Ûúß ¡Öã×™ü¯ÖæÞÖÔ ¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ Ã¾ÖßÛúÖ¸ü Ûú¸ëü ŸÖ£ÖÖ ˆÃÖß ÃÖ´ÖµÖ ˆÃÖê »ÖÖî™üÖÛú¸ü ˆÃÖÛêú ãÖÖ®Ö ¯Ö¸ü ¤æüÃÖ¸üß ÃÖÆüß ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ »Öê »Öë … ‡ÃÖÛêú ×»Ö‹ †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê ¯ÖÖÑ"Ö ×´Ö®Ö™ü פüµÖê •ÖÖµÖëÝÖê … ˆÃÖÛêú ²ÖÖ¤ü ŸÖÖê †Ö¯ÖÛúß ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö­¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ¾ÖÖ¯ÖÃÖ »Öß •ÖÖµÖêÝÖß †Öî¸ü Æüß †Ö¯ÖÛúÖê †×ŸÖ׸üŒŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖµÖ ×¤üµÖÖ •ÖÖµÖêÝÖÖ …


4.
†®¤ü¸ü פüµÖê ÝÖµÖê ×®Ö¤ìü¿ÖÖë ÛúÖê ¬µÖÖ®Ö¯Öæ¾ÖÔÛú ¯ÖœÌëü …

5.
ˆ¢Ö¸ü-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ Ûêú †®ŸÖ ´Öë Ûú""ÖÖ ÛúÖ´Ö (Rough Work) Ûú¸ü®Öê Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ´Ö滵ÖÖÓÛú®Ö ¿Öß™ü ÃÖê ¯ÖÆü»Öê ‹Ûú ¯Öéšü פüµÖÖ Æãü†Ö Æîü …

6.
µÖפü †Ö¯Ö ˆ¢Ö¸ü-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ¯Ö¸ü ×®ÖµÖŸÖ Ã£ÖÖ®Ö Ûêú †»ÖÖ¾ÖÖ †¯Ö®ÖÖ ¸üÖê»Ö ±úÖê®Ö ®Ö´²Ö¸ü µÖÖ ÛúÖê‡Ô ³Öß ‹êÃÖÖ ×"ÖÅ®Ö ×•ÖÃÖÃÖê †Ö¯ÖÛúß ¯ÖÆü"ÖÖ®Ö ÆüÖê ÃÖÛêú, †Ó×ÛúŸÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê Æïü †£Ö¾ÖÖ †³Ö¦ü ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ÛúÖ ¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê µÖÖ ÛúÖê‡Ô †®µÖ †®Öã×"ÖŸÖ ÃÖÖ¬Ö®Ö ÛúÖ ¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê ŸÖÖê ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ Ûêú ×»ÖµÖê †µÖÖêÝµÖ 'ÖÖê×ÂÖŸÖ ×ÛúµÖê •ÖÖ ÃÖÛúŸÖê Æïü …

7.
†Ö¯ÖÛúÖê ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖ¯ŸÖ ÆüÖê®Öê ¯Ö¸ü ˆ¢Ö¸ü-¯Öã×ßÖÛúÖ ×®Ö¸üßõÖÛú ´ÖÆüÖê¤üµÖ ÛúÖê »ÖÖî™üÖ®ÖÖ †Ö¾Ö¿µÖÛú Æîü †Öî¸ü ‡ÃÖê ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖׯŸÖ Ûêú ²ÖÖ¤ü †¯Ö®Öê ÃÖÖ£Ö ¯Ö¸üßõÖÖ ³Ö¾Ö®Ö ÃÖê ²ÖÖÆü¸ü »ÖêÛú¸ü •ÖÖµÖë …

8.
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9.
×ÛúÃÖß ³Öß ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü ÛúÖ ÃÖÓÝÖÞÖÛú (Ûêú»ÖÛãú»Öê™ü¸ü) µÖÖ »ÖÖòÝÖ ™êü²Ö»Ö †Öפü ÛúÖ ¯ÖϵÖÖêÝÖ ¾ÖÙ•ÖŸÖ Æîü …




D-31-11 P.T.O.

LINGUISTICS
³ÖÖÂÖÖ ×¾Ö-ÖÖ®Ö

PAPER III ¯ÖÏ¿-Ö¯Ö¡Ö III
Note This paper is of two hundred marks containing four sections. Candidates are required to attempt the questions contained in these sections according to the detailed instructions given therein.
®ÖÖê™ü .ÖÆü ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö¯Ö¡Ö ¤üÖê ÃÖÖî †ÓÛúÖë ÛúÖ Æîü ‹¾ÖÓ ‡ÃÖ´Öë "ÖÖ¸ü ÜÖÞ›ü Æïü … †³.Ö£Öá ‡®Ö´Öë ÃÖ´ÖÖ×ÆüŸÖ ¯ÖÏ¿®ÖÖë Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü
†»ÖÝÖ ×¤ü.Öê ÝÖ.Öê ×¾ÖßÖéŸÖ ×®Ö¤ìü¿ÖÖë Ûêú †®ÖãÃÖÖ¸ü ¤ëü …


SECTION I ÜÖÞ›ü I
Note This section consists two essay type questions of twenty marks each, to be answered in about five hundred words each. ×
20 40 Marks)
®ÖÖê™ü ‡ÃÖ ÜÖÞ›ü ´Öë ²ÖßÃÖ­²ÖßÃÖ †ÓÛúÖë Ûúê¤üÖê ×®Ö²Ö®¬ÖÖŸ´ÖÛú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Æïü … ¯ÖÏŸ.ÖÛú ÛúêÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü »ÖÝÖ³ÖÝÖ ¯ÖÖÑ"Ö ÃÖÖî ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë
†¯Öê×õÖŸÖ Æîü … (2 ×
20 40 †ÓÛú)
1. India shows an unparallel linguistic diversity along with unparallel ethnic, cultural, geographical and sociological diversities. So, why should India be regarded as a linguistic area Give your arguments. ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ ´Öë †×«üŸÖß.Ö ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‡Ô ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬ÖŸÖÖ Ûêú ÃÖÖ£Ö­ÃÖÖ£Ö †®Öæšüß •ÖÖŸÖß.Ö, ÃÖÖÓÃÛéúןÖÛú, ³ÖÖîÝÖÖê×»ÖÛú †Öî¸ü ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö­¿ÖÖáÖß.Ö ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬ÖŸÖÖ Æîü … ‡ÃÖ×»Ö‹, ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ ÛúÖê ‹Ûú ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‡Ô õÖê¡Ö Œ.ÖÖë ´ÖÖ®ÖÖ •ÖÖ‹ ŸÖÛÔú ¤üßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ
Since the revival of linguistics as an academic discipline in 1960's linguistics has come in a long away to evolve into a major discipline in India. Discuss how do you think linguistics can take up challenges in view of modernisation and globalisation.
ü ú ‹Ûú †Ûú

1960 Ûêú ¤Öî¸ü ´Öë ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ×¾Ö-ÖÖ®Ö ÛêÖ¤ü×´ÖÛú ×¾ÖÂÖ.Ö Ûêú ºþ¯Ö ´Öë ¯Öã®ÖºþŸ£ÖÖ®Ö Ûêú ²ÖÖ¤ü ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ×¾Ö-ÖÖ®Ö ®Öê ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ ´Öë
¯ÖÏ´ÖãÜÖ ×¾ÖÂÖ.Ö ÛúÖ »Ö´²ÖÖ ¸üÖßÖÖ ŸÖ.Ö ×Ûú.ÖÖ Æîü … Œ.ÖÖ †Ö¯Ö ÃÖ´Ö—ÖŸÖê Æïü ×Ûú ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ×¾Ö-ÖÖ®Ö †Ö¬Öã×®ÖÛúßÛú¸üÞÖ †Ö¸îü ¾ÖÖßÛú¸üÞÖ Ûúß "Öã®ÖÖîןÖ.ÖÖë ÛúÖê þÖßÛúÖ¸ü Ûú¸ü ÃÖÛêúÝÖÖ
2. Discuss how text to speech differ from speech to text approach.
¯ÖÖšü­ÃÖê­¾ÖÖÛËú ŸÖÛú †Öî¸ü ¾ÖÖÛËú­ÃÖê­¯ÖÖšü ŸÖÛú ˆ¯ÖÖÝÖ´Ö ×ÛúÃÖ ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü †»ÖÝÖ ×¾Ö¾Öê"Ö®ÖÖ Ûúßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ
Discuss on the relevance of functional categories and the significance of DP analysis.
¯ÖÏÛúÖ.ÖÖÔŸ´ÖÛú ÛúÖê×™ü.ÖÖë †Öî¸ü ›üß ¯Öß ×¾Ö¿»ÖêÂÖÞÖ Ûêú ´ÖÆü¢¾Ö Ûúß ×¾Ö¾Öê"Ö®ÖÖ Ûúßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ
"The object of autosegmental phonology is to find out what properties can be passed on from one segment to another and what circumstances favour or disfavour sharing such properties." Discuss with suitable examples.
þÖÖ.Ö¢ÖÜÖÞ›üß Ã¾Ö×®Ö.Ö ×¾Ö-ÖÖ®Ö ÛúÖ ¬.Öê.Ö Æîü ×Ûú ×Ûú®Ö ÝÖÞÖãÖë ÛúÖê ‹Ûú ÜÖÞ›ü ÃÖê ¤üæÃÖ¸êü ÜÖÞ›ü ŸÖÛú ¯ÖÆÑãü"ÖÖ.ÖÖ •ÖÖ ÃÖÛúŸÖÖ
Æîü †Öî¸ü ‡®Ö ÝÖãÞÖÖë ´Öë ÃÖÆü³ÖÖÝÖß ÆüÖê®Öê Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ÛúÖî®Ö ÃÖß ¯Ö׸ü×ãÖןÖ.ÖÖÑ ¯ÖõÖ †£Ö¾ÖÖ ×¾Ö¯ÖõÖ ¸üÆüŸÖß Æïü … ‡ÃÖÛúß ÃÖÖê¤üÖÆü¸üÞÖ

×¾Ö¾Öê"Ö®ÖÖ Ûúßו֋ …

OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ
Discuss how factors like region, social class and ethnicity affect language standardization in a multilingual society like India.
õÖê¡Ö, ÃÖÖ´ÖÖוÖÛú ÁÖêî¸ü •ÖÖŸÖß.ÖŸÖÖ •ÖîÃÖê ÛúÖ¸üÛú ³ÖÖ¸ŸÖ ÃÖ¸üê ²ÖÆãü ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‡Ô ÃÖ´ÖÖ•Ö ´Öë ³ÖÖÂÖÖ Ûú ´ÖÖ®ÖÛúßÛú¸üÞÖ ÛúÖ
ÞÖ߆ÖüßÜÖêê ×ÛúÃÖ ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü ¯ÖϳÖÖ×¾ÖŸÖ Ûú¸üŸÖê Æïü ×¾Ö¾Öê"Ö®ÖÖ Ûúßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ
Discuss the major issues in brain language study.
´Ö×ßÖÂÛú­³ÖÖÂÖÖ †¬.Ö.Ö®Ö Ûúß ¯ÖÏ´ÖãÜÖ ÃÖ´ÖÃ.ÖÖ†Öë Ûúß ×¾Ö¾Öê"Ö®ÖÖ Ûúßו֋ …

SECTION II


ÜÖÞ›ü II
Note This section contains three questions from each of the electives/specializations. The candidate has to choose only one elective/specialization and answer all the three questions contained therein. Each question carries fifteen marks and is to be answered in about three hundred words. ×
15 45 Marks)
®ÖÖê™ü ‡ÃÖ ÜÖÞ›ü ´Öë ¯ÖÏŸ.ÖêÛú ‹êûÖ‡Ô/×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ-ÖŸÖÖ ÃÖê ŸÖß®Ö ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Æïü … †³.Ö£Öá ÛúÖê Ûêú¾Ö»Ö ‹Ûú ‹ê×""ûÛú×""Ûú ‡Ûú
‡ÛúÖ‡Ô/×¾Ö¿ÖêÂÖ-ÖŸÖÖ ÛúÖê "Öã®ÖÛú¸ü ˆÃÖß Ûêú ŸÖß®ÖÖë ¯ÖÏ¿®ÖÖë Ûêú ˆ¢Ö¸ü ¤êü®Öê Æïü … ¯ÖÏŸ.ÖêÛú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ¯Ö®¦üÆü †ÓÛúÖë ÛúÖ Æîü ¾Ö ˆÃÖÛúÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü »ÖÝÖ³ÖÝÖ ŸÖß®Ö ÃÖÖî ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë †¯Öê×õÖŸÖ Æîü … ×
15 45 †ÓÛú)
Elective I ×¾ÖÛú»¯Ö I
3. Discuss morphological recognizers, analysers and generators for Indian languages.
³ÖÖ¸üŸÖß.Ö ³ÖÖÂÖÖ†Öë Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ºþ¯ÖÝÖŸÖ †×³Ö-ÖÖŸÖÛúÖë (recognizers), ×¾Ö¿»ÖêÂÖÛúÖë (analyzers) †Öî¸ü ¯ÖÏ•Ö®ÖÛúÖë (generators) ¯Ö¸ü ×¾Ö"ÖÖ¸ü Ûúßו֋ …
4. Discuss the notions of corpus tagging and tree banks.
ÛúÖò¸ü¯ÖÃÖ ™îüØÝÖÝÖ (corpus tagging) †Öî¸ü ™Òüß ²ÖïŒÃÖ (tree banks) Ûúß ¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖÖ†Öë ¯Ö¸ü ×¾Ö"ÖÖ¸ü Ûúßו֋ …
5. Critically discuss the status of natural language processing in India.
³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ ´Öë ¯ÖÏÖÛéúןÖÛú ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ÃÖÓÃÖÖ¬Ö®Ö ¯Ö¸ü †Ö»ÖÖê"Ö®ÖÖŸ´ÖÛú ¥ü×™ü ÃÖê ×¾Ö"ÖÖ¸ü Ûúßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ
Elective II ×¾ÖÛú»¯Ö II

3. How does the computational system work in the minimalist program Discuss.
×´Ö®Öß´Ö×»ÖÙü ¯ÖÖÏêÝÖÏÖ´Ö (Minimalist Program) ´Öë Ûú´¯.Öæ™êü¿Ö®Ö»Ö ×ÃÖÙü´Ö (computational system) ÛîúÃÖê ÛúÖ.ÖÔ Ûú¸üŸÖÖ Æîü ×¾Ö"ÖÖ¸ü Ûúßו֋ …
4. Discuss the multiple-spec hypothesis.
´Ö»™üֻ֭߯ïÖîÛú ¯Ö׸üÛú»¯Ö®ÖÖ (multiple­spec hypothesis) ¯Ö¸ü ×¾Ö"ÖÖ¸ü Ûúßו֋ …
5. Distinguish between LF and PF movement.
‹»Ö.‹±ú. ŸÖ£ÖÖ ¯Öß.‹±ú. ´Öæ¾Ö´Öë™ü (LF and PF movement) ´Öë †ÓŸÖ¸ü ïÖ™ü Ûúßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ
Elective III ×¾ÖÛú»¯Ö III

3. Give arguments to support that the Prosodic Phonology pre supposes the prosodic hierarchy ÝÖÞãÖ Ã¾Ö×®Ö´Ö×¾Ö-ÖÖ®Ö Ûêú ´Öæ»Ö ´Öë þ֮ÖÝÖãÞÖ­†×¬ÖÛÎú´Ö Ûúß ¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖÖ ×®Ö×ÆüŸÖ Æîü, ‡ÃÖ ´ÖŸÖ Ûêú ÃÖ´Ö£ÖÔ®Ö ´Öë ŸÖÛÔú ¤üßו֋ …
4. A ranked ordering of a Universal set of constraints is used to identify the best pairing between a given input and all potential outputs. Languages differ not only by constraints used but also by the ranking used. Comment. ¯ÖÏןֲÖÓ¬ÖÖë Ûêú ÃÖÖ¾ÖÔ³ÖÖî´Ö ÃÖî™ü Ûêú ÛúÖê×™ü²Ö¨ü ×¾Ö®.ÖÖÃÖ ÛúÖ ¯ÖÏ.ÖÖêÝÖ, פü‹ Æãü‹ †ÖÝÖŸÖ †Öî¸ü ÃÖÓ³ÖÖ×¾ÖŸÖ ×®ÖÝÖŸÔÖ Ûêú ÃÖ¾ÖÔÁÖêšü
.ÖãÝ´Ö®Ö Ûêú ×»Ö‹ ×Ûú.ÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖ Æîü … ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‹Ñ ¯ÖÏ.ÖÖêÝÖ ´Öë »ÖÖ‹ ÝÖ‹ ¯ÖÏןֲÖÓ¬ÖÖë Ûêú †Ö¬ÖÖ¸ü ¯Ö¸ü Æüß ®ÖÆüà, ¯ÖÏ.ÖÖêÝÖ ´Öë »ÖÖ‹ ÝÖ‹

×¾Ö®.ÖÖÃÖ Ûêú †Ö¬ÖÖ¸ü ¯Ö¸ü ³Öß ‹Ûú­¤æüÃÖ¸êü ÃÖê †»ÖÝÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß Æïü … ‡ÃÖ ²ÖÖ¸êü ´Öë †¯Ö®Öß ×™ü¯¯ÖÞÖß ¤üßו֋ …

5. Discuss the notion of feature hierarchy in autosegmental phonology.
þÖÖ.Ö¢ÖÜÖÓ›üß Ã¾Ö×®Ö´Ö×¾Ö-ÖÖ®Ö (autosegmental phonology) ´Öë †×³Ö»ÖõÖÞÖ †×¬ÖÛÎú´Ö (feature hierarchy) Ûúß ¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖÖ ¯Ö¸ü ×¾Ö"ÖÖ¸ü Ûúßו֋ …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ
Elective IV ×¾ÖÛú»¯Ö IV

3. What is ethnomethodology Explain it with reference to speech analysis in the cultural contacts
®Öé•ÖÖŸÖß.Ö ÛúÖ.ÖÔ ¯ÖÏÞÖÖ»Öß Œ.ÖÖ Æîü ‡ÃÖê ÃÖÖÓÃÛéúןÖÛú ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÖí ´Öë ¾ÖÖÛËú ×¾Ö¿»ÖêÂÖÞÖ Ûêú ¯ÖÏÃÖÓÝÖ ´Öë ïÖ™ü ÛúßוÖ.Öê …
4. Explain how multiple identities are marked in speech.
ïÖ™ü ÛúßוÖ.Öê ×ÛúÃÖ ¯ÖÏÛúÖ¸ü ²ÖÆãü †×ô֟ÖÖ‹Ñ ¾ÖÖÛËú ´Öë ¾.ÖŒŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß Æïü
5. Power and solidarity are frequently invoked in explanation of linguistic behaviour. Discuss with suitable examples.
¿Ö׌ŸÖ †Öî¸ü ‹ÛúŸÖÖ †ŒÃÖ¸ü ³ÖÖÂÖÖ.Öß ¾.Ö¾ÖÆüÖ¸ü Ûêú ïÖ™üßÛú¸üÞÖ ´Öë ¯ÖÏ.ÖãŒŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß Æïü … ÃÖÖê¤üÖÆü¸üÞÖ ×¾Ö¾Öê"Ö®ÖÖ ÛúßוÖ.Öê …
OR †£Ö¾ÖÖ
Elective V ×¾ÖÛú»¯Ö V

3. Discuss the classical connectionist model of brain language study.
´Ö×ßÖÂÛú ³ÖÖÂÖÖ †¬.Ö.Ö®Ö Ûêú ¿ÖÖáÖß.Ö ÃÖÓ.ÖÖê•Ö®Ö¾ÖÖ¤üß ´ÖÖò›ü»Ö Ûúß "Ö"ÖÖÔ Ûúßו֋ …
4.
What is meant by aphasia Discuss the efficacy of a linguistic account of aphasia. '†±êúוÖ.ÖÖ' ÃÖê Œ.ÖÖ †×³Ö¯ÖÖ.Ö Æîü †±úוÖ.ÖÖ Ûêú ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‡Ô »Öêêú ÃÖÖ´Ö£.ÖÛúß "Ö"ÖÖÔ Ûúßו֋ …

5.
Discuss the nature of linguistic impairment in mental retardation.


ÏêÜÖÖÛÔ
´ÖÖ®Ö×ÃÖÛú ´Ö®¤ü®Ö ´Öë ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‡Ô õÖßÞÖŸÖÖ Ûúß ¯ÖÏÛéú×ŸÖ Ûúß ×¾Ö¾Öê"Ö®ÖÖ Ûúßו֋ …

SECTION III ÜÖÞ›ü III
Note This section contains nine questions of ten marks each, to be answered in about fifty words. ×
10 90 Marks)
®ÖÖê™ü ‡ÃÖ ÜÖÞ›ü ´Öë ¤üÃÖ­¤üÃÖ †ÓÛúÖë Ûêú ®ÖÖî ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö Æïü … ¯ÖÏŸ.ÖêÛú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ÛúÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü »ÖÝÖ³ÖÝÖ ¯Ö"ÖÖÃÖ ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë †¯Öê×õÖŸÖ Æîü … ×
10 90 †ÓÛú)
6. What do the terms contrast and complementation mean in traditional linguistics
¯ÖÖ¸ü´¯Ö׸üÛú ³ÖÖÂÖÖ ×¾Ö-ÖÖ®Ö ´Öë ¾.ÖןָêüÛú †Öî¸ü ¯Ö׸ü¯Öæ¸üÛúßÛú¸üÞÖ ¿Ö²¤üÖë ÃÖê Œ.ÖÖ †×³Ö¯ÖÖ.ÏÖ Æîü

7. What is excentric compounds
²Ö×ÆüÂÛêúצüŸÖ ÃÖ´ÖÖÃÖ Œ.ÖÖ Æîü
8. Explain the notion of inter language.
†®ŸÖ¸ü­³ÖÖÂÖÖ Ûúß †¾Ö¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖÖ ÛúÖê ïÖ™ü Ûúßו֋ …
9. Discuss the notion of Vakrokti.
¾ÖÛÎúÖ׌ŸÖ Ûúß †¾Ö¬ÖÖ¸üÞÖÖ Ûúß ×¾Ö¾Öê
ê"Ö®ÖÖ Ûúßו֋ …
10. What is meant by infant Vocalizations
׿ֿÖã þָüßÛú¸üê Œ.ÖÖ †×³Ö¯ÖÏîü
ÞÖÃÖÖ.ÖÆ
11.
What is 'Grammaticalization' '¾.ÖÖÛú¸üÞÖßÛú¸üÞÖ' Œ.ÖÖ Æîü

12.
What is meant by anaphoric reference

†®¾ÖÖ¤êü¿ÖÛú ÃÖÓ¤ü³ÖÔ ÃÖê Œ.ÖÖ †×³Ö¯ÖÏÖ.Ö Æîü

13.
What do counter factuals mean


¯ÖÏן֣֟.Ö ¯Ö¸üÛú ÃÖê Œ.ÖÖ †×³Ö¯ÖÏÖ.Ö Æîü
14. What do linguistic stereotypes mean
³ÖÖÂÖÖ‡Ô ºþœÌü ¯ÖϺþ¯ÖÖë ÃÖê Œ.ÖÖ †×³Ö¯ÖÏÖ.Ö Æîü

SECTION IV


ÜÖÞ›ü IV
Note This section contains five questions of five marks each based on the following passage. Each question should be answered in about thirty words. ×
5 25 Marks)
®ÖÖê™ü ‡ÃÖ ÜÖÞ›ü ´Öë ×®Ö´®Ö×»Ö×ÜÖŸÖ ¯Ö׸üêû¤¯Ö¸ü †Ö¬ÖÖ׸üŸÖ ¯ÖÖÑÏ¿®Ö Æïü … ¯ÖÏŸ.ÖêÛú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ÛúÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü »ÖÝÖ³ÖÝÖ ŸÖßÃÖ
""ü "Ö ¯Ö¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë †¯ÖêÖ Æîü … ¯ÖÏŸ.ÖÛú ¯ÖÏ¿®Ö ¯ÖÖÑ"Ö †ÓÛúÖë ÛúÖ Æîü … ×
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Languages plainly differ, and we want to know how. One respect is in choice of sounds, which vary within a certain range. Another is in the association of sound and meaning, which is essentially arbitrary. These are straightforward and need not detain us. More interesting is the fact that languages differ in inflectional systems:
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case systems, for example. We find that these are fairly rich in Latin, even more so in Sanskrit or Finnish, but minimal in English and invisible in Chinese. Or so it appears; considerations of explanatory adequacy suggest that here too appearance may be misleading, and in fact, recent work (Chomsky 1995c; 1998) indicates that these systems vary much less than appears to be the case from the surface forms. Chinese and English, for example, may have the same case system as Latin, but the phonetic realization is different. Furthermore, it seems that much of the variety of language can be reduced to properties of inflectional systems. If this is correct, then language variation is located in a narrow part of the lexicon.
³ÖÖÂÖÖ†Öë ´Öë ïÖ™ü Æüß †ÓŸÖ¸ü ÆüÖêŸÖê Æïü †Öî¸ü Æü´Ö .ÖÆü "ÖÖÆüŸÖê Æïü ×Ûú ¾Öê †ÓŸÖ¸ü Œ.ÖÖ Æïü … ‹Ûú ŸÖÖê ¬¾Ö×®Ö.ÖÖë Ûêú "Ö.Ö®Ö ´Öë †ÓŸÖ¸ü ¤êüÜÖ®Öê ´Öë †ÖŸÖÖ Æîü, •ÖÖê ×Ûú ‹Ûú ×®Ö׿"ÖŸÖ ÃÖß´ÖÖ Ûêú †ŸÖÝÖÓŸÔÖ Ûú´Ö .ÖÖ †×¬ÖÛú ÆüÖê ÃÖÛúŸÖÖ Æîü … ¤æüÃÖ¸êü, ¬¾Ö×®Ö †Ö¸ü Ô ÛêÖÓ²ÖÓÖ ÛúÖê »ÖêÛú¸ü †Óü ÆüêŸÖÖ Æîü †Ö¸ü .ÖÆÃÖÓ²ÖÓ¬Ö ¾Öß֟Ö: .ÖÖ¥ü×""Ûú ÆüÖêŸÖÖ Æîü … .Öê †ÓŸÖ¸ü
ÖúìŸÖ¸Öîü ãû
‹Ûú ¤ü´Ö ÃÖ߬Öê­ÃÖÖ¤êü Æïü †Öî¸ü ‡®ÖÛêú ²ÖÖ¸êü ´Öë ÛúÖê‡Ô ˆ»Ö—Ö®Ö ®ÖÆüà Æîü … †×¬ÖÛú פü»Ö"ÖÃ¯Ö ²ÖÖŸÖ .ÖÆü Æîü ×Ûú ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‹Ñ †¯Ö®Öß

ºþ¯ÖÖŸ´ÖÛú ¾.Ö¾ÖãÖÖ Ûúß ¥ü×™ü ÃÖê ÆüÖêŸÖß Æïü •ÖîÃÖê ÛúÖ¸üÛúß.Ö ¾.Ö¾ÖãÖÖ Ûúß ¥ü×™ü ÃÖê … ÛúÖ¸üÛúß.Ö ¾.Ö¾ÖãÖÖ Ûúß

¥ü×™ü ÃÖê »Öî×™ü®Ö †Ÿ.ÖÓŸÖ ÃÖ´Öé¨ü Æîü †Öî¸ü ÃÖÓÃÛéúŸÖ ‹¾ÖÓ ×±ú×®Ö¿Ö ŸÖÖê †Öî¸ü ³Öß •.ÖÖ¤üÖ, ØÛúŸÖã †ÓÝÖÏê•Öß ´Öë .ÖÆü ¾.Ö¾ÖãÖÖ Ûú´Ö

ÃÖê Ûú´Ö Æîü †Öî¸ü "Öß®Öß ´Öë ŸÖÖê .ÖÆü ¤êüÜÖ®Öê ´Öë ®ÖÆüà †ÖŸÖß, .ÖÖ ÛúÆëü ×Ûú Æü´Öë ‹êÃÖÖ ¯ÖÏŸÖßŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖÖ Æîü … ˆ×"ÖŸÖ ¾.ÖÖÜ.ÖÖ Ûú¸ü®Öê ¯Ö¸ü .ÖÆü ÃÖÓÛêúŸÖ ×´Ö»ÖŸÖÖ Æîü ×Ûú .ÖÆüÖÑ ³Öß ¯ÖÏŸÖß.Ö´ÖÖ®Ö ºþ¯Ö ³ÖÏÖ´ÖÛú ÆüÖê ÃÖÛúŸÖÖ Æîü … ¾ÖÖÃŸÖ¾Ö ´Öë †³Öß ÆüÖ»Ö Ûêú Ûéúן֟¾Ö ÃÖê ("ÖÖò´ÃÛúß 1995 C 1998) .ÖÆü ÃÖÓÛêúŸÖ ×´Ö»ÖŸÖÖ Æüî×Ûú .Öê ¾.Ö¾ÖãÖÖ‹Ñ ˆŸÖ®Öß ®ÖÆüà Æïü ו֮֟Öß †¯Ö®Öê ²ÖÖÊ
ŸÖßŸÖ Æêüú ×»Ö‹ "Öß®Öß †Öî
ºþ¯ÖÖÛúÖ¸ü ´Öë ¯ÖÏüÖŸÖß Æïü … ˆ¤üÖƸüÞÖ Ûê¸ü †ÓÝÖÏê•Öß Ûúß ÛúÖ¸üÛúß.Ö ¾.Ö¾ÖãÖÖ ¾ÖÆüß Æîü •ÖÖê »Öî×™ü®Ö Ûúß ØÛúŸÖã ˆ®ÖÛúÖ ¬¾Ö®.ÖÖŸ´ÖÛú ¯ÖÏןֱú»Ö®Ö †»ÖÝÖ­†»ÖÝÖ ÆüÖêÝÖÖ … .ÖÆüß ®ÖÆüà, ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‡Ô ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬ÖŸÖÖ Ûêú †×¬ÖÛúÖÓ¿Ö ÛúÖê ºþ¯ÖÝÖŸÖ ¾.Ö¾ÖãÖÖ†Öë Ûêú †×³Ö»ÖõÖÞÖÖë ÃÖê ÃÖß×´ÖŸÖ ×Ûú.ÖÖ •ÖÖ ÃÖÛúŸÖÖ Æîü … .Öפü .ÖÆü ÃÖ"Ö Æîü ŸÖÖê ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‡Ô ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬ÖŸÖÖ ¿Ö²¤üÃÖ´ÖæÆü Ûêú ²ÖÆãüŸÖ "ûÖê™êü ¤üÖ.Ö¸êü ŸÖÛú ÃÖß×´ÖŸÖ Æîü …
15. Discuss how differences in languages can be reduced to an account of some
properties
³ÖÖÂÖÖ†Öë Ûêú †ÓŸÖ¸ü ÛúÖê ÛîúÃÖê Ûãú"û †×³Ö»ÖõÖÞÖÖë Ûêú ×¾Ö¾Ö¸üÞÖ ŸÖÛú ÃÖß×´ÖŸÖ ×Ûú.ÖÖ •ÖÖ ÃÖÛúŸÖÖ Æîü ïÖ™ü Ûúßו֋ …

16. To what extent are language variations reflected in language vocabulary
×ÛúÃÖß ³ÖÖÂÖÖ Ûúß ¿Ö²¤üÖ¾Ö»Öß ´Öë ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‡Ô ×¾Ö×¾Ö¬ÖŸÖÖ‹Ñ ÛúÆüÖÑ ŸÖÛú ¯ÖÏןֱú×»ÖŸÖ ÆüÖêŸÖß Æïü
17. Explain how languages differ in terms of the case system
ÛúÖ¸üÛúß.Ö ¾.Ö¾ÖãÖÖ Ûúß ¥ü×™ü ÃÖê ³ÖÖÂÖÖ‹Ñ ×ÛúÃÖ ŸÖ¸üÆü ‹Ûú­¤æüÃÖ¸êü ÃÖê ÆüÖêŸÖß Æïü ïÖ™ü Ûúßו֋ …
18. Comment on such differences that languages may show but which do not warrant a serious attention of linguists.
‹êÃÖê †ŸÖ¸ÓüÖë ¯Ö¸ü ×™ü¯¯ÖÞÖß Ûúßו֋ •ÖÖê ×¾Ö׳֮®Ö ³ÖÖÂÖÖ†Öë ´Öë ¤êüÜÖ®Öê ´Öë ŸÖÖê †ÖŸÖê Æïü ØÛúŸÖã ³ÖÖÂÖÖ¾Öî-ÖÖ×®ÖÛúÖë «üÖ¸üÖ ¯Ö¸ü ÝÖÓ³Ö߸üŸÖÖ¯Öæ¾ÖÔÛú ×¾Ö"ÖÖ¸ü Ûú¸ü®Öê Ûúß •Öºþ¸üüà ÆüÖê
ŸÖ®ÖÆ ŸÖß…
19. Discuss the position of Chinese with regard to the inflectional system.
ºþ¯ÖÝÖŸÖ ¾.Ö¾ÖãÖÖ Ûúß ¥ü×™ü ÃÖê "Öß®Öß ³ÖÖÂÖÖ Ûúß ×ãÖ×ŸÖ ¯Ö¸ü ×¾Ö"ÖÖ¸ü Ûúßו֋ …
Space For Rough Work

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