The elements of one language can be found with the elements of another language in a number of linguistic processes arising out of languages in contact, such as borrowing, diffusion, convergence, pidginization, creolization, switching and mixing. Each of these processes has different sociolinguistic and linguistic characteristics. Switching and mixing are marked by the two characteristics mentioned below. No new grammar is created beyond the grammars of the two languages involved, as one of them is glued to the other without changing it and the mixed code (and the bigrammar) is indeterminate and is created anew by each speaker in each speech act and is not transmitted across generations. Switching, on the other hand, takes place when there is a change in the speech event. The difference between switching and mixing is that in mixing the speech event is constant, with no variation in participants or topic, and the participants have knowledge of both languages. Moreover, mixing is commonly done in the duration of a unit of grammar. Switching, on the other hand, is commonly done in the duration of a unit of discourse. A bilingual speaker may choose a mixed code in a particular social context, in which case all sentences in the entire discourse may be mixed. Since actual mixing is indeterminate, it is possible for an unmixed sentence to follow a mixed sentence. Switching may take place between mixed codes and is not restricted to unmixed codes alone. The switch may be, for instance, from mother tongue mixed with other tongue to other tongue mixed with mother tongue. These make it diffcult to distinguish between mixing and switching based on linguistic elements alone. Broadly speaking, mixing is a linguistic strategy to give effect to communicative intent, primarily involving social meanings (including the one of social value as in mixing the standard dialect). Switching is a discourse strategy in cooperative communication that reflects preferred language choice for the topic of the conversation, which may be changing, or for the set of participants in the speech event, who may be changing or whose relation may change may at a particular point in the conversation.
While switching is found only in balanced and stable bilinguals, mixing can be found in all bilinguals including incipient and attrited bilinguals. Mixing is largely motivated by the need to fill gaps in the linguistic competence of the speaker in incipient and attrited bilinguals (in contradistinction with mixing in balanced and stable bilinguals). To that extent, mixing is determined in these types of bilinguals. The constraints on mixing are not likely to be same in stable, incipient, and attrixed bilinguals. It will be interesting to compare the data for these three types of bilinguals to discover which features they have and do not have in common.

1. What are the major differences between switching and mixing

2. Give an account of the strategy employed in switching.

3. Explain why mixing is a linguistic strategy

4. Where do you find Bilinguals, and what motivates bilingualism

5. List why no new grammar is created beyond the grammars of the two languages involved

6. What is a spectrogram

7. What are the salient features of generative phonology

8. Distinguish between inflection and derivation with suitable examples.

9. What is the lexicalist hypothesis explain

10. What is the main difference between strong crossover and weak crossover Provide appropriate examples.

11. Provide a syntactic definition of scrambling.
12. How do you distinguish between tense and aspect Provide suitable examples.

13. Provide the logical formulations in English of universal and existential quanti fiers.

14. distinguish between intimate, dialect and cultural borrowings.

15. How do you distinguish between corpus planning and status planning .
16. Distinguish between elaborated code and restricted code.

17. Write a note on Broea's aphasia.

18. Explain with examples interlanguage errors and intralanguage errors.

19. List some of the important features of languages spoken in south Asia.

20. Write on the major differences between literacy and scientific translations with examples.

21. How is computational linguistics related to philosophy, psychology and artificial intelligence

22. Discuss the role of a morphological analyser in POS tagging. POS analyser)

23. Give an account of the limitations of machine readable dictionaries

24. Write on the advantages of Tree Adjoining Grammar in analysing sentence structure.
25. Write a note on the technology of 'Text-to-speech' systems.
21. Discuss the importance of locality in the minimalist system of case checking illustrating your answer with ECM (Exceptional Case Marking )and small clause constructions.

22. Discuss the relative advantages of an AGR -based clausal architecture over a traditional one.
23. Discuss the advantages of having multiple specifiers in the clausal structure.

24. Discuss the role of the Least Effort principle with respect to the derivation of Roshan did not write letters from the following Roshan T NEG AGR

25. Discuss the advantages of the copy theory of movement .


21. Distinguish between the phonological phrase and the intonational phrase with suitable examples.

22. Write a note on the importance of tableux in optimality theory.

23. Explain the following concepts in relation to prosodic phonology the syllable ,the foot,the word.


24. Distinguish between markedness constraints and faithfulness constraints and discuss their effect on the output.

25. Write a notes on
Constraint ranking

prosodic morphology


21. "Men's speech usually provides the norm against which women's speech is judged" Explain the statement.

22. Critically evaluate the statement "Language standardization does not depend on the inherent quality of l
23. Enumerate the three ideological barriers Labov has encountered in course of his studies on social motivation of sound change.

24. What kind of linguistic signals are used to indicate that the speaker is about to give up a turn Discuss.

25. What is linguistic competence How does communicative competence differ from linguistic competence

21. What is meant by 'Cerebral Dominance

22. What are the different types of aphasia


23. Explain how knowledge of linguistics helps in devising assessment and therapeutic tools and procedures in disorders of communication.

24. Write a note on 'stuttering' .

25. What are different types of developmental disorders. Enumerate the recommended intervention procedures.


26. Evaluate the merits of unification based grammars.

27. Discuss the status of AGR in minimalism and the effects of eliminating it from the
clause structure.

28. Write an essay on prosodic phonology.

29.Diversity is precisely the subject-matter of sociolinguistics " -Explain the statement.

30. Write an essay on the models to explain brain language relationship.