1. The full form of ROC is

Receiver-Operating Characteristic

Response-Operating Characteristic

Receiver Operating Curve

Response Operating Curve

2. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List II
(Concepts) (Explanations)

a. Engram i. Engaging in conscious recollection

b. Explicit memory ii. Changes in dendrites and in the sensitivity of synapse through repeated stimulation

c. Long-term potentiation iii. Recollecting something without being consciously aware

d. Implicit memory iv. The physical trace of memory in the brain

Codes a b c d

i ii iii iv

i ii iii

(3) ii iii iv i

(4)iii i ii iv

3. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion An infant often acts as if objects stop existing when they are moved out of his perceptual range.

Reason The infant has not yet developed the object concept. Codes

Both and are true, and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

4. Mechanistic view of motivation can be characterised as

explanation.

Direction of behaviour is determined by bonds between stimulus and response or habits.

Probability of elicitation of various habits depend upon prior reinforcement contingencies.

Behaviour once elicited persists until the removal of sustaining stimuli.

Codes

and only

and only

and only

and only

5. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below
Assertion In terms of SOI model, intelligence can be taken as a superset of creativity.

Reason Divergent production is just one of the operations of intellect.

Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

6. Which of the following is true of the threshold hypothesis regarding intelligence creativity relationship

There is a type relationship between intelligence and creativity.

There is 'inverted type relationship between intelligence and creativity.

The relationship between the two is 'ill-defined' above a specific level of intelligence.

The relationship between the two is ill defined below a specific level of intelligence.

7. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion According to Rollo May, to grow psychologically, our values must be constantly challenged.

Reason Rollo May proposed that Neurotic anxiety occurs when our values are challenged.

Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

8. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below:

List I List II
(Concept) (Explanation)

a. Monism i. Brain functions as an undifferentiated whole

b. Dualism ii. Mind and body consists of the same substance

c. Equipotentiality iii. Body is material and mind is non-material

d. Reductionism iv. Understanding of behavioural phenomenon in terms of biological principles

Codes

a b c d

i ii iii iv
ii iii i iv
iv iii ii i
iii i iv ii

9. The correlation matrix was factor-analyzed by the three methods listed below and the same number of factors were extracted in each case

a. Principal components method

b. Maximum likelihood method

c. Principal axes method

Arrange the above methods in descending order in terms of variance condensed

c and a

a and c

a and b

c and b

10. Which of the following are lesion techniques

a. Aspiration Lesions

b. Radioactive frequency lesions

c. Cryogenic Blockade

d. Bregma

Codes

b and d only

c and d only

b and c only

c and d

11. People tend to be in better physical health and are better able to cope with stress when they are provided with

a. Physical comfort

b. Moral comfort

c. Psychological comfort

d. Ideological comfort

Codes

a b only

b c only

c d only

a c only

12. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion Leadership is a process where people merely make an attribution about other individuals.

Reason People regard leader as a change agent. Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

13. Besides psychology which Behavioural Science contributed in the development of Organizational Psychology as a field of study

a. Sociology

b. Anthropology

c. Political Science

d. Social work

Codes

a b only

b d only

c d only

b c only

14. Which of the following is not a positive symptom of schizophrenia

a. Disorganized speech

b. Bizarre behaviour

c. Flat affect

d. Hallucinations

Codes

d only

a and b

c only

a and d

15. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion People belonging to a particular group have some common perceptual patterns.

Reason Personal experiences influence one's perception. Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

16. A study shows that children from poor families drew large circles to represent a coin than the children from rich families. This is an example of

Perceptual constancy

Perceptual distortion

Perceptual set

Perceptual adaptation

17. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List II

a. Hit i. Signal is present but response is No.

b. Miss ii. Signal is present and response is Yes.

c. False Alarm iii. Signal is absent and the response is No.

d. Correct Rejection iv. Signal is absent but the response is Yes.

Codes a b c d

i iii ii

ii i iv iii

ii i iii iv

iii ii i

18. People often cannot remember where they heard what they heard. Sometimes people think they saw things they did not see or heard things they did not hear. This is the case of

Bias

Misattribution

Suggestibility

Blocking

19. Memory retrieval is

Reconstructive

Constructive

Unconscious

Symbolic

Codes

only

only

and

and

20. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion Words that are logically connected have been found to be recalled more easily than the words that were concretely connected.

Reason The deeper the level of processing, the higher the level of recall achieved. Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

21. Analogical reasoning consists of the following processes a. Retrieval b. Mapping c. Evaluation d. Abstraction e. Predictions Codes

b and d only

c and d only

d and e only

All the five

22. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion Patients with Amygdala damage are unable to recognise fear in others' facial expression.

Reason Looking at fearful faces activates Amygdala.

Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

23. In Stemberg's triarchic theory, the type of intelligence that involves the ability to think critically and analytically is called

componential intelligence

contextual intelligence

crystallized intelligence

experiential intelligence

24. Who among the following has given Regression Argument to support racial differences in intelligence

H.J. Eysenck

M.W. Eysenck

Jensen

Burt and Vernon

25. Creative thinking is a combination of flexibility in thinking and reorganization in understanding to produce and

new ideas; solutions

new ideas; conclusions

innovative ideas; conclusions

innovative ideas; solutions

26. Which of the following components of creativity are scored in the "Picture construction" sub-test of non-verbal Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (Non-verbal)

a. Originality

b. Elaboration

c. Fluency

d. Flexibility

Codes

a and b only

b and d only

b and d only

b and c only

27. The fear of one's own potential greatness and the ambivalent feelings toward greatness in others is called

Propium striving

Self-exonerating mechanism

Fluctuating asymmetry

Jonah-complex

28. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion Pituitary gland is frequently referred to as the master gland.

Reason Most of pituitary hormones are tropic hormones.

Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

29. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List II (Variables) (Explanations)

a. Confirmity i. Social influence involving direct request from others

b. Compliance ii. Process in which members of extreme groups accept the beliefs and rules in unquestioning way

c. Intense iii. Rules indicating how individuals are expected to indoctrination behave in a specific situation

d. Social norms iv. Social influence in which individuals change their attitude/behaviour to go along with existing norms

Codes a b c d

iv iii ii i

i iii ii iv

iv i ii iii

iii i ii iv

30. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List II (Concept) (Process)

a. Cohesiveness and i. Social influence based on individual's conformity desire to be liked by others

b. Norms and social ii. Social influence based on individual's influence desire to be correct-to possess the accurate perceptions of the social world

c. Individuation iii. The need to be distinguishable from others in some respect

d. Information and iv. Accepting influence of those we like social influence

Codes a b c d

(1) iv iii i ii

(2) iii iv ii i

iii i iv

(4) iv i iii ii

31. The degree to which variations in environment can affect the development of individuals with the particular genotype is

Canalization

Co-dominance

Reaction range

Ritualization

32. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List -II
(Theorist) (Explanation)

a. Piaget i. Children construct knowledge through social interaction with others.
b. Kohlberg ii. Children are embedded in a number of environmental systems and influences
c. Bronfenbrenner iii. Children construct knowledge by transforming, organizing and reorganizing previous knowledge.
d. Vygotsky iv. Children's moral thoughts are advanced through discussions with others.

Codes a b c d

i ii iii iv

iv iii i

(3)iii ii i iv

(4)iii iv ii i

33. Three groups of subjects were formed with random assignment. Group-I was tested under drug' condition, Group-II was tested under 'Low drug dosage' condition, and Group-III was tested under 'High drug dosage' condition. Each group was required to learn two lists, a list of CVC trigrams and a list of three-lettered meaningful words. The dependent variable was the number of items recalled after ten minutes after learning each list. This experiment employs

Randomized three group design

Randomized six group design

3 × 2 mixed factorial design

Randomized 3 × 2 factorial design

34. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion Teachers need to teach children the use of multiple strategies finding out what works well, when and where.

Reason Most children are not consciously aware of a variety of strategies they can employ while learning.

Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

35. Which of the following sequence is correct in case of steps in a goal-setting program for students

Specify the objectives to be accomplished . Define goal difficulty Specify the time span for assessment of performance Discuss goal attainment strategies

Discuss goal attainment strategies Define goal difficulty Specify the objectives to be accomplished Specify time span for assessment of performance.

Specify the time span for assessment of performance Discuss goal attainment strategies Specify the objectives to be accomplished Define goal difficulty

Define goal difficulty Discuss goal attainment strategies Specify time span for assessment of performance Specify the objectives to be accomplished.

36. The field of Industrial Psychology was created/developed by

F.B. Taylor

H. Munsterberg

Elton Mayo

H. Mintzberg

37. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List II
(Therapy) (Therapist)

a. Systematic desensitization i. Albert Bandura

b. Social-Learning Therapy ii. Meichenbaum

c. Cognitive Therapy iii. Joseph Wolpe

d. Cognitive Behaviour Modification iv. Aaron Beck

Codes a b c d

i ii iii iv

(2)iii i iv ii

iii iv i

iii ii i

38. A procedure that provides information to the learner in small steps, guarantees immediate feedback and allows the learner to determine the pace with which to complete the task. It is called

Auto shaping

Chaining

Programmed learning

Continuous contracting

39. Behaviour modification by the application of operant conditioning consists of the following

a. Token economy

b. Punishment

c. Time-out

d. Withdrawal of reinforcement

Codes

a b only

b c only

a d only

a c only

40. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List II

a. Observational learning i. Learning where an object is located

b. Place learning ii. A response that can be observed by others

c. Overt responding iii. The process whereby information is acquired by attending to events in the environment

d. Latent learning iv. Learning that takes place independent of reinforcement

Codes a b c d

iv iii i

(2)iii i ii iv

ii i iii iv

(4)iii iv ii i Paper-III

41. According to self-determination theory and form the basis for intrinsic motivation.

competence relatedness

competence autonomy

control autonomy

control competence

42. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List II
(Concept) (Explanation)

a. Fixed Action Pattern i. When two incompatible response tendencies are simultaneously aroused, the organisms may display behaviours that appear to be irrelevant to the situation.
b. Displacement Activity ii. Highly stereotyped responses that are assumed to be genetically programmed reactions that occur in the presence of a particular stimulus.
c. Hedonic Bias iii. A state in which a person performs an action because the act itself is satisfying or rewarding internally.
d. Intrinsic motivation iv. Tendency to take more credit for success than to take responsibility for failure.

Codes a b c d

i ii iii iv

ii i iv iii

(3)iii iv ii i

iii i ii

43. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List II
(Concept) (Meaning)

a. Dasein i. Physical, objective world

b. Umwelt ii. Human interactions

c. Eigen welt iii. Individual as being in the world

d. Mitwelt iv. Self-awareness

Codes a b c d

i iii iv ii

i iii ii iv

(3)iii i iv ii

(4)iii i ii iv

44. A group of 25 subjects were tested on reaction time under three conditions low stressful, moderately stressful, and highly stressful. The data were analysed by suitable ANOVA. What would be the degrees of freedom for 'stressfulness × subjects' interaction

2

3

24

48

45. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion Most Experimental studies of lesion effects are studies of bilateral than unilateral lesions.

Reason Behavioural effects of unilateral lesions in all brain structures can be difficult to detect.

Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

46. An act, that helps or is designed to help others regardless of the helper's motive is called

Prosocial Behaviour

Altruism

Nurturance

Social obligation

47. Difference between what one can accomplish with or without help is called

Zone of proximal development

Resilience

Identity fusion

Transition

48. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion According to Adler, a child's birth order is important in shaping his/her personality.

Reason There are unique experiences associated with birth order of every child.

Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

49. Punishment given frequently to young students leads to

improved interpersonal relationships

desirable behaviours

better academic performance

fear, anger and worry

50. Persons with genetic "markers" for schizophrenia have a physical vulnerability to the disorder but will not develop schizophrenia unless they are exposed to critical times in development. This is according to

Biological model

Social learning model

Neurobiological model

Stress-vulnerability model

51. The influence of surrounding environment on perception is called

Hoffding function

Priming effect

Law of Pragnaz

Context effect

52. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below Assertion Hull proposed that Reaction Potential is the product of Habit Strength and Drive from this some testable prediction can be made about the rate of eye lid conditioning in relation to drive. Reason Hull's theory is based on Hypothetico-Deductive model which involved deducting testable consequences based on postulates. Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

53. Long Term Potentiation means facilitation of synaptic transmission following

High-frequency electrical stimulation applied to pre-synaptic neurons.

Low-frequency electrical stimulation applied to pre-synaptic neurons.

High-frequency electrical stimulations applied to post-synaptic neurons.

Low-frequency electrical stimulation applied to post-synaptic neurons.

54. Which one of the following is NOT a mnemonic device

Method of Loci

Method of reinforcement

Categorical clustering

Pegword system

55. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below Assertion Second order factors can be obtained from promax rotated first-order factors. Reason Promax rotation is a method of oblique rotation. Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

56. In an experiment one group of subjects was asked to estimate the product of 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 in 5 seconds. The other group was asked to estimate the product of 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8 in the same time. The former group attained a larger estimate than the later group. The biasing effect involved in this case is because of

Availability of information

Adjustment

Representativeness

Gambler's fallacy

57. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List II
(Phenomenon) (Explanation)

a. Thinking i. Process of choosing between two or more alternatives on the basis of information about them

b. Reasoning ii. Processing information in various ways to move towards a desired goal

c. Decision making iii. Mental activity through which we transform available information in order to reach conclusion

d. Problem solving iv. An activity that involves the manipulation of mental representation of various features of the external world

Codes a b c d

i ii iii iv

iii iv i

(3)iii iv ii i

i ii iii

58. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion In general, members of joint family tend to be low on stress than those of nucleus family.

Reason Social support increases the stress responses. Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

59. Rogers use Q-sort technique to identify

Internal and external frame of reference

Real self and Ideal self

Conditional and unconditional positive regard

Conditions of worth and worthlessness

60. Which of the following are the characteristics of Nomothetic approach to personality

a. Emphasis on variations in a person

b. Interpretation of test scores

c. Group norms

d. General laws of personality

Codes

c and d only

c and d only

b and d only

c and d

61. Sensory-specific satiety takes place in

Papillae

Thalamus

Nucleus of Solitary Tract

Insula

62. The multiple correlation of academic achievement with Numerical ability, Abstract reasoning, and Verbal ability was found to be 0.6. Which of the following statement/s would be true in this context

a. None of the three predictors would correlate more than 0.6 with academic achievement.

b. The three predictors together would explain 36 percent variance in academic achievement.

c. At least, one predictor would correlate 0.6 with academic achievement.

d. The three predictors would explain 60 percent of variance in academic achievement.

b only

a and b only

b and d only

c and d only

63. The different schemas had an impact on social cognitive, which refer to

a. Persons

b. Groups

c. Roles

d. Events

Codes

c only

c and d only

b and d only

c and d only

64. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List -II
(Test/Experiment)(Concept)

a. Strange Situation Test i. Observation Learning

b. Visual-Cliff Test ii. Morality

c. Bodo-Doll Experiment iii. Attachment

d. Heinz Dilemma iv. Depth perception

Codes a b c d

ii i iv iii

(2)iii i iv ii

(3)iii iv i ii

iv i iii

65. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion According to Vygotsky, human thinking and reasoning are products of social activity.

Reason Every cognitive process appears first on social plane and then on psychological plane after internalization.

Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

66. The most effective way for dealing with bullying in schools is

to give harsh punishment to those students who indulge in such behaviour.

to provide counselling to students who are potential bullies and clearly communicate to them that such behaviour will not be tolerated.

to isolate such students and ban them from participation in any extra-curricular activity

to ignore the problem and continue to focus only on good students

67. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by choosing from the codes given below

List I List -II

a. Variable-pay i. An incentive plan for the improvement of group program productivity linked with total amount of money allocation.

b. Piece-rate pay plan ii. Compensation distribution based on certain formula around company's profitability

c. Profit-sharing plan iii. Workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production

d. Gain sharing iv. Portion of employees' pay based on individual/ organizational measure of performance

Codes a b c d

i ii iii iv

iii iv i

(3)iii iv i ii

iii ii i

68. McClelland's theory basically focuses on needs whilst Maslow's theory focuses on needs.

two four

three four

three five

two five

69. Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below

Assertion A large proportion of Down Syndrome cases can be identified in prenatal diagnosis through the use of amniocentesis.

Reason The amniocentesis procedure reveals that the fetus does not have the defect, and the parents are spared months of needless anxiety. Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

70. Vijay was working as executive manager in a multinational company. His team members always found it difficult to get along with him. Vijay always craved for excessive admiration and attention, took undue advantage of others, was very arrogant and preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success and power. He seems to be suffering from

Borderline personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder

Histrionic Personality disorder

Schizoid personality disorder

71. Read the following paragraph and answer the five questions which follow

Scaling in psychology can be classified into two categories psychophysical scaling and psychological scaling. Although psychological scaling had its origin in Fechner's method of first choices and the work on colour preference, the major work in psychological scaling began in 1920's in the context of attitude measurement. Bogardus Social Distance Scale (1925) is one of such first attempts. A major breakthrough in attitude scaling occurred when Thurstone developed his Law of Comparative Judgement and also proposed the three scaling methods-paired comparison, equal appearing intervals, and successive intervals. In the paired comparison, every statement/stimulus is paired with every other statement/stimulus. The computational methods of paired comparison are most extensively developed, some of them using Thurstone's LCJ directly for this purpose. Such pairing of statements/stimuli is not involved in methods of Equal Appearing Intervals and Successive Intervals Moreover, the distributions of the categories, assigned by the judges to each attitude statement in EAI and SI need not be normal; in fact the distributions for several statements are skewed. This situation requires some computational precautions. Moreover, the method of successive intervals was computationally quite laborious in pre-computer era and hence it was not so popular. In the classical scaling tradition Guttmann developed the scalogram technique and Edwards developed the scale discrimination technique. Likert's development of summated ratings represent an important landmark in attitude measurement. It follows the traditional psychometric model. Aiken and Groth-Marnatt (2009) concluded that other scaling techniques, less frequently used for attitude measurement, include Osgood's semantic differential, Q-sort, expectancy value rating, magnitude estimation, multidimensional scaling etc.

The scale values of the attitude statements, obtained by analyzing paired comparison data following Thurstone's LCJ, would yield

Nominal Scale

Ordinal scale

Interval scale

Ratio scale

72. Read the following paragraph and answer the five questions which follow

Scaling in psychology can be classified into two categories psychophysical scaling and psychological scaling. Although psychological scaling had its origin in Fechner's method of first choices and the work on colour preference, the major work in psychological scaling began in 1920's in the context of attitude measurement. Bogardus Social Distance Scale (1925) is one of such first attempts. A major breakthrough in attitude scaling occurred when Thurstone developed his Law of Comparative Judgement and also proposed the three scaling methods-paired comparison, equal appearing intervals, and successive intervals. In the paired comparison, every statement/stimulus is paired with every other statement/stimulus. The computational methods of paired comparison are most extensively developed, some of them using Thurstone's LCJ directly for this purpose. Such pairing of statements/stimuli is not involved in methods of Equal Appearing Intervals and Successive Intervals Moreover, the distributions of the categories, assigned by the judges to each attitude statement in EAI and SI need not be normal; in fact the distributions for several statements are skewed. This situation requires some computational precautions. Moreover, the method of successive intervals was computationally quite laborious in pre-computer era and hence it was not so popular. In the classical scaling tradition Guttmann developed the scalogram technique and Edwards developed the scale discrimination technique. Likert's development of summated ratings represent an important landmark in attitude measurement. It follows the traditional psychometric model. Aiken and Groth-Marnatt (2009) concluded that other scaling techniques, less frequently used for attitude measurement, include Osgood's semantic differential, Q-sort, expectancy value rating, magnitude estimation, multidimensional scaling etc.

Read each of the following two statements Assertion and Reason and indicate your answer using codes given below
Assertion The method of paired comparison is not suitable for scaling the large number of attitude statements.

Reason In method of paired comparison, every attitude statement is paired with every other attitude statement. Codes

Both and are true and is the correct explanation of

Both and are true, but is not the correct explanation of

is true, but is false.

is false, but is true.

73. Read the following paragraph and answer the five questions which follow

Scaling in psychology can be classified into two categories psychophysical scaling and psychological scaling. Although psychological scaling had its origin in Fechner's method of first choices and the work on colour preference, the major work in psychological scaling began in 1920's in the context of attitude measurement. Bogardus Social Distance Scale (1925) is one of such first attempts. A major breakthrough in attitude scaling occurred when Thurstone developed his Law of Comparative Judgement and also proposed the three scaling methods-paired comparison, equal appearing intervals, and successive intervals. In the paired comparison, every statement/stimulus is paired with every other statement/stimulus. The computational methods of paired comparison are most extensively developed, some of them using Thurstone's LCJ directly for this purpose. Such pairing of statements/stimuli is not involved in methods of Equal Appearing Intervals and Successive Intervals Moreover, the distributions of the categories, assigned by the judges to each attitude statement in EAI and SI need not be normal; in fact the distributions for several statements are skewed. This situation requires some computational precautions. Moreover, the method of successive intervals was computationally quite laborious in pre-computer era and hence it was not so popular. In the classical scaling tradition Guttmann developed the scalogram technique and Edwards developed the scale discrimination technique. Likert's development of summated ratings represent an important landmark in attitude measurement. It follows the traditional psychometric model. Aiken and Groth-Marnatt (2009) concluded that other scaling techniques, less frequently used for attitude measurement, include Osgood's semantic differential, Q-sort, expectancy value rating, magnitude estimation, multidimensional scaling etc.

Which one of the following can be used to find the scale values of attitude statements, when method of equal appearing intervals is used

Mean

Standard deviation

Median

Quartile deviation

74. Read the following paragraph and answer the five questions which follow

Scaling in psychology can be classified into two categories psychophysical scaling and psychological scaling. Although psychological scaling had its origin in Fechner's method of first choices and the work on colour preference, the major work in psychological scaling began in 1920's in the context of attitude measurement. Bogardus Social Distance Scale (1925) is one of such first attempts. A major breakthrough in attitude scaling occurred when Thurstone developed his Law of Comparative Judgement and also proposed the three scaling methods-paired comparison, equal appearing intervals, and successive intervals. In the paired comparison, every statement/stimulus is paired with every other statement/stimulus. The computational methods of paired comparison are most extensively developed, some of them using Thurstone's LCJ directly for this purpose. Such pairing of statements/stimuli is not involved in methods of Equal Appearing Intervals and Successive Intervals Moreover, the distributions of the categories, assigned by the judges to each attitude statement in EAI and SI need not be normal; in fact the distributions for several statements are skewed. This situation requires some computational precautions. Moreover, the method of successive intervals was computationally quite laborious in pre-computer era and hence it was not so popular. In the classical scaling tradition Guttmann developed the scalogram technique and Edwards developed the scale discrimination technique. Likert's development of summated ratings represent an important landmark in attitude measurement. It follows the traditional psychometric model. Aiken and Groth-Marnatt (2009) concluded that other scaling techniques, less frequently used for attitude measurement, include Osgood's semantic differential, Q-sort, expectancy value rating, magnitude estimation, multidimensional scaling etc.

Fill in the blank with the most appropriate alternative. It would be desirable to carry out the factor analysis of attitude scales obtained by method of

paired comparison

equal appearing intervals

successive intervals

summated ratings

75. Read the following paragraph and answer the five questions which follow

Scaling in psychology can be classified into two categories psychophysical scaling and psychological scaling. Although psychological scaling had its origin in Fechner's method of first choices and the work on colour preference, the major work in psychological scaling began in 1920's in the context of attitude measurement. Bogardus Social Distance Scale (1925) is one of such first attempts. A major breakthrough in attitude scaling occurred when Thurstone developed his Law of Comparative Judgement and also proposed the three scaling methods-paired comparison, equal appearing intervals, and successive intervals. In the paired comparison, every statement/stimulus is paired with every other statement/stimulus. The computational methods of paired comparison are most extensively developed, some of them using Thurstone's LCJ directly for this purpose. Such pairing of statements/stimuli is not involved in methods of Equal Appearing Intervals and Successive Intervals Moreover, the distributions of the categories, assigned by the judges to each attitude statement in EAI and SI need not be normal; in fact the distributions for several statements are skewed. This situation requires some computational precautions. Moreover, the method of successive intervals was computationally quite laborious in pre-computer era and hence it was not so popular. In the classical scaling tradition Guttmann developed the scalogram technique and Edwards developed the scale discrimination technique. Likert's development of summated ratings represent an important landmark in attitude measurement. It follows the traditional psychometric model. Aiken and Groth-Marnatt (2009) concluded that other scaling techniques, less frequently used for attitude measurement, include Osgood's semantic differential, Q-sort, expectancy value rating, magnitude estimation, multidimensional scaling etc.

In studying attitudes towards the outgroup, a series of bipolar adjective scales were used. Most probably, the researcher used

Bogardus Social Distance Scale

Osgood's semantic differential

Guttmann's scalogram

Attitude scale obtained by method of equal appearing intervals