Exam Details
Subject | management | |
Paper | paper 2 | |
Exam / Course | ugc net national eligibility test | |
Department | ||
Organization | university grants commission | |
Position | ||
Exam Date | June, 2010 | |
City, State | , |
Question Paper
Signature and Name of Invigilator
1.
(Signature) (Name)
2.
(Signature) (Name)
OMR Sheet No. ......................................... (To be filled by the Candidate) Roll No.
(In figures as per admission card) Roll (In words)
Test Booklet No.
PAPER-II
Time 1 1/4 hours] [Maximum Marks 100
MANAGEMENT
Number of Pages in this Booklet 12 Number of Questions in this Booklet 50 Instructions for the Candidates
m f 1 i M M
1. Write your roll number in the space provided on the top of
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this page.
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2. This paper consists of fifty multiple-choice type of questions.
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m Rtf1 mt i m Rt, m i
3. At the commencement of examination, the question booklet
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will be given to you. In the first 5 minutes, you are requested
f f t i i m ci r 3 m ci i 3 ciRt, mut
to open the booklet and compulsorily examine it as below
m i ci; cimm ci i cii f dm cii ci Rt m m Rt
To have access to the Question Booklet, tear off the paper
m ci i .it t I m tW fo m t ciRt-m ci mmm ci
seal on the edge of this cover page. Do not accept a booklet
m
ci Rt ciRtt I
without sticker-seal and do not accept an open booklet.
f mf mf m i M f m imf m 1
Tally the number of pages and number of questions in
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the booklet with the information printed on the cover
mM1 mflm f 1 f f a i f 1 M f
page. Faulty booklets due to pages/questions missing
or duplicate or not in serial order or any other
1 f 1 a M m r m f
f M fm
1f f f mf f f f
discrepancy should be got replaced immediately by a
correct booklet from the invigilator within the period
m i 1 I i M a mi m T M f M fi 1 i I
of 5 minutes. Afterwards, neither the Question Booklet
f i a m m m i a f
will be replaced nor any extra time will be given.
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M f i
After this verification is over, the Test Booklet Number
(iii)Wm r cii ot m -mmm ci ci c-if m i OMR m 5 ci m Rt
should be entered in the OMR Sheet and the OMR Sheet
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Number should be entered on this Test Booklet.
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4. Each item has four alternative responses marked
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and You have to darken the oval as indicated below on the
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correct response against each item.
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Example
f f
where is the correct response.
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5. Your responses to the items are to be indicated in the Answer Sheet given inside the Paper I Booklet only. If you mark at
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ciRt, i m,t I f t 3 m dW Rt m 5 ci m Rt f ti i t m W cii 3 fcim
any place other than in the ovals in the Answer Sheet, it will
not be evaluated.
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ifcim ciRm i mi dm ci f I
6. Read instructions given inside carefully.
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i t ci i .ci mtt I
7. Rough Work is to be done in the end of this booklet.
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8. If you write your name or put any mark on any part of the test
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booklet, except for the space allotted for the relevant entries,
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which may disclose your identity, you will render yourself
m Rt cii f i 3i m if5 m ciRt f ti i I
liable to disqualification.
9. 3 m ci i m Rt m f mm cimm mt i m Rt m i OMR dW Rt-m 5 ci
9. You have to return the test question booklet and OMR Answer
Rt ci f mt i t ci i u t ci mut 3 uRt m Rt mm cii ot dm i
3 m f
sheet to the invigilators at the end of the examination
3m i m m Rt 1 m i omtRt iciRt I
compulsorily and must not carry it with you outside the
Examination Hall.
10.
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11.
M m rf c i f f if a M f
10. Use only Blue/Black Ball point pen.
m ri f I
11. Use of any calculator or log table etc., is prohibited.
12. 1 i M i ac if f i I
12. There is no negative marks for incorrect answers.
MANAGEMENT
Paper II
Note This paper contains fifty objective type questions, each question carrying two
marks. Attempt all the questions.
1. During last five years per capita income of India is increasing, that means
National income growth of India is more than growth of population.
Growth in population is more than the growth in National income of India.
National income of India population of India have grown at the uniform rate.
All of the above
2. In the short run firm considers the minimum of its average variable cost curve as
Break-even point
Shutdown point
Economies of scope
None of the above
3. The positive cross elasticity of demand between two products means
two products are substitutes
two products complementary two products substitutes are are neither nor
complementary none of the abov e
4. A monopolist always operates in the
Inelastic segment of its demand curve
Elastic segment of its demand curve
Unitary elastic segment of its demand curve
None of the above
5. The price elasticity of demand for any product in the long run
is more than it's short run value.
is less than its short run value.
is same as its short run value.
None of the above.
6. Earnings foregone in the context of the best alternative is termed as
Past cost
Historical cost
Opportunity cost
Sunk cost
7. A situation where management is unable to provide employment due to non-availability of work is called
I. Lock out II. Lay off
III. Termination IV. Closure Find the correct combination according to the code.
I&II II&III
I&III II&IV
8. Which one of the settlement methods is not relevant here for disputes
Collective Bargaining
Compulsory Adjudication
Voluntary Arbitration
Reference to Civil Court
9. Which of the following shows a situation of Trade Union rivalries in India
Different Unions in different organisations.
More unions in the same organisation having affiliation with different political parties and representing the same type of workers.
More unions in the same organisation all representing different types of workers.
None of the above.
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10. Reduction of Labour Force is called
Termination
Retrenchment
Lay-off
Right sizing
11. The process of establishing the value of jobs in a job hierarchy is known as
Job analysis
Job requirement
Job evaluation
Performance evaluation Find the correct combination according to the code.
I&II II&III
III&IV I&IV
12. Which of the following is the meaning of Human Resource Planning
Evaluation of job
Satisfaction of the employees on the job
Appraising the performance of employees
It is the process by which an organisation ensures that it has the right number and kind of people at the right place, at the right time.
13. Induction refers to
Giving training to the employees.
Giving incentive to the employees.
Introducing employees to the organisation culture and situation.
Increasing the morale of the employees.
14. Which of the following is not a fringe benefit
Transport
Subsidised canteen facilities
Free education to the children
Dearness Allowance
15. and theory was prepared by
Herzbeg
Maslow
Porter and Lawler
McGregor
16. Which of the following formula is used to calculate Pay Back Period when cash inflows are constant
Fixed Assets/Current Assets
Fixed Assets/Current Liabilities
Initial Investment cost/Annual cash inflows
None of the above
17. The P/E ratio approach to stock valuation is also known as
Earnings multiplier approach
Dividend discounting approach
Required rate of return
None of the above
18. The capital structure theories which argue that capital structure is relevant to the value of firm contain
I. Net Income Approach
II. Net Operating Income Approach
III. Traditional Approach
IV. Modigliani and Miller
Approach Find the correct combination according to the code
I II are correct.
I III are correct.
III IV are correct.
II IV are correct.
19. Short term financing instruments may contain
I. Commercial Paper
II. Public Deposits
III. Term Loans
IV. Trade Credit Find the correct combination according to the code.
II III are correct.
II, III IV are correct.
III IV are correct.
II IV are correct.
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20. For calculating weighted average cost of capital, cost of each source of capital is multiplied by proportion applicable to it. The proportions may be based on
Book values only
Target capital structure only
Market values only
All of the above
21. Which of the following is not included in 7 of services marketing
Process People
Pricing Public relations
22. Which of the following is not a stage in the new product development
Generation of ideas
Business analysis
Market segmentation
Test marketing
23. Industrial marketing involves
Business to Business
Business to Customer
Customer to Customer
Retailer to Consumer
24. The concept of Marketing Myopia is propounded by
Philip Kotler
C.K. Prahalada
Peter Drucker
Theodore Levitt
25. In which stage of product life cycle, the company takes decision whether to maintain, harvest or drop the product
Introduction Growth
Maturity Decline
26. Which of the following is the best technique to manage the existing products
Ansoff Matrix
Balanced score card
BCG Matrix
Product life cycle analysis
27. Which of the following is not an element of production management
Plant Profit
Process People
28. Production Management Tactical Planning decisions include
Establishing parameters for measuring operational efficiency and productivity.
Establishing quality specifications and test details.
Determining starting and finishing time of each job in the work stations.
None of the above
29. Work study refers to
Analysis of work into smaller parts followed by re-arrangement of these parts to give the same effectiveness at lesser cost.
Analytical investigation of the methods involved in the work.
Developing new methods to give work effectiveness.
All of the above
30. Economic lot size is known as
the lot size for which the total cost per time period is minimum.
the ordering cost and carrying cost are minimum.
the lot size that strikes a balance between ordering cost and carrying cost.
the quantity to be ordered each time is fixed.
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31. Objective of Value Engineering is 36. If X is normally distributed with
Reduce cost without reducing the quality. mean 30 and s.d. 5 and denotes
Increase value without x
increasing the cost.
1
1 2p
2 t2 dt then P(26 X
Reduce cost by reducing the
quality.
e
o
None of the above
32. If the independent variates xi …..n) are normally distributed about a common mean, with a common variance, s2, their mean is also normally distributed about but with a
variance
ns2
s2
n
sn
2
33. The weak law of large numbers is another version of
convergence in probability
random number generation
financial probability law
poisson probability law
34. The basic assumptions underlying the t-test for the difference of two sample means are that the parent populations are and population variances are
of any shape; equal and known
normal; equal and known
normal; equal but unknown
normal; unequal but known
35. LAN stands for
Large Area Network
Local Area Network
Long Accurate Network
Lay Access Network
40) and P 45) are given by 1
and
2 1
and
2 1
and
2 1
and
2
37. What enables the management to find out whether the strategic management process are appropriate, compatible and functioning in the desirable direction
Implementation control
Special alert control
Premise control
Strategic control
38. Which one is not the part of Michael Porter's five forces model
Threat of substitutes
Firm's core competence
Rivalry among existing players
Threat of new entrants
39. Which of the following strategy is regarded unfair
Collusion
Strategic alliance
Differentiation
Turn around strategy
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1.
(Signature) (Name)
2.
(Signature) (Name)
OMR Sheet No. ......................................... (To be filled by the Candidate) Roll No.
(In figures as per admission card) Roll (In words)
Test Booklet No.
PAPER-II
Time 1 1/4 hours] [Maximum Marks 100
MANAGEMENT
Number of Pages in this Booklet 12 Number of Questions in this Booklet 50 Instructions for the Candidates
m f 1 i M M
1. Write your roll number in the space provided on the top of
1. m mti m5ot cii "im Rt m m m Rt 3m Rt i fo Rt f If
this page.
2. Wm m 5 f t m m o m tf ci m m m,t I
2. This paper consists of fifty multiple-choice type of questions.
3. m Rt mm ci 3 m ci i it t I m mti m r
m Rtf1 mt i m Rt, m i
3. At the commencement of examination, the question booklet
ff t 3 m ci i m -mmm ci i i m dm ci f f m r cii
will be given to you. In the first 5 minutes, you are requested
f f t i i m ci r 3 m ci i 3 ciRt, mut
to open the booklet and compulsorily examine it as below
m i ci; cimm ci i cii f dm cii ci Rt m m Rt
To have access to the Question Booklet, tear off the paper
m ci i .it t I m tW fo m t ciRt-m ci mmm ci
seal on the edge of this cover page. Do not accept a booklet
m
ci Rt ciRtt I
without sticker-seal and do not accept an open booklet.
f mf mf m i M f m imf m 1
Tally the number of pages and number of questions in
c i aT f f T f 1 M i mif f I f i m
the booklet with the information printed on the cover
mM1 mflm f 1 f f a i f 1 M f
page. Faulty booklets due to pages/questions missing
or duplicate or not in serial order or any other
1 f 1 a M m r m f
f M fm
1f f f mf f f f
discrepancy should be got replaced immediately by a
correct booklet from the invigilator within the period
m i 1 I i M a mi m T M f M fi 1 i I
of 5 minutes. Afterwards, neither the Question Booklet
f i a m m m i a f
will be replaced nor any extra time will be given.
f a mi aM M f I
M f i
After this verification is over, the Test Booklet Number
(iii)Wm r cii ot m -mmm ci ci c-if m i OMR m 5 ci m Rt
should be entered in the OMR Sheet and the OMR Sheet
3ifcimciRtt 3 uRt OMR m 5 ci ci c-ifm iWmm -mmm ci m Rt
Number should be entered on this Test Booklet.
3ifcimciRt tt I
4. Each item has four alternative responses marked
4. m Rt dW Rt f f t i i
ici m cii f ci m m
and You have to darken the oval as indicated below on the
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correct response against each item.
fci f t mut I
Example
f f
where is the correct response.
o fci m mt dW Rt mut I
5. Your responses to the items are to be indicated in the Answer Sheet given inside the Paper I Booklet only. If you mark at
5. m cii dW Rt i m m l i a f f M fi i ?mf f3ifcim
ciRt, i m,t I f t 3 m dW Rt m 5 ci m Rt f ti i t m W cii 3 fcim
any place other than in the ovals in the Answer Sheet, it will
not be evaluated.
m Rt dW Rt f ici, mt mt i
ifcim ciRm i mi dm ci f I
6. Read instructions given inside carefully.
6. 3, tRt f t i m
i t ci i .ci mtt I
7. Rough Work is to be done in the end of this booklet.
7. ci (Rough Work) Wm m
ci f mm ci cii 3 f m 5ot m Rt ciRtt I
8. If you write your name or put any mark on any part of the test
8. f t 3 m dW Rt-m f im ci iW 1 m m imm ci m Rt 3m
booklet, except for the space allotted for the relevant entries,
3 m ci m mt, mt i m cii, fcim 1 1 m Rt m i 3ifcim ciRtm i m,t mi
which may disclose your identity, you will render yourself
m Rt cii f i 3i m if5 m ciRt f ti i I
liable to disqualification.
9. 3 m ci i m Rt m f mm cimm mt i m Rt m i OMR dW Rt-m 5 ci
9. You have to return the test question booklet and OMR Answer
Rt ci f mt i t ci i u t ci mut 3 uRt m Rt mm cii ot dm i
3 m f
sheet to the invigilators at the end of the examination
3m i m m Rt 1 m i omtRt iciRt I
compulsorily and must not carry it with you outside the
Examination Hall.
10.
i il i m f m f i 1f I
11.
M m rf c i f f if a M f
10. Use only Blue/Black Ball point pen.
m ri f I
11. Use of any calculator or log table etc., is prohibited.
12. 1 i M i ac if f i I
12. There is no negative marks for incorrect answers.
MANAGEMENT
Paper II
Note This paper contains fifty objective type questions, each question carrying two
marks. Attempt all the questions.
1. During last five years per capita income of India is increasing, that means
National income growth of India is more than growth of population.
Growth in population is more than the growth in National income of India.
National income of India population of India have grown at the uniform rate.
All of the above
2. In the short run firm considers the minimum of its average variable cost curve as
Break-even point
Shutdown point
Economies of scope
None of the above
3. The positive cross elasticity of demand between two products means
two products are substitutes
two products complementary two products substitutes are are neither nor
complementary none of the abov e
4. A monopolist always operates in the
Inelastic segment of its demand curve
Elastic segment of its demand curve
Unitary elastic segment of its demand curve
None of the above
5. The price elasticity of demand for any product in the long run
is more than it's short run value.
is less than its short run value.
is same as its short run value.
None of the above.
6. Earnings foregone in the context of the best alternative is termed as
Past cost
Historical cost
Opportunity cost
Sunk cost
7. A situation where management is unable to provide employment due to non-availability of work is called
I. Lock out II. Lay off
III. Termination IV. Closure Find the correct combination according to the code.
I&II II&III
I&III II&IV
8. Which one of the settlement methods is not relevant here for disputes
Collective Bargaining
Compulsory Adjudication
Voluntary Arbitration
Reference to Civil Court
9. Which of the following shows a situation of Trade Union rivalries in India
Different Unions in different organisations.
More unions in the same organisation having affiliation with different political parties and representing the same type of workers.
More unions in the same organisation all representing different types of workers.
None of the above.
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10. Reduction of Labour Force is called
Termination
Retrenchment
Lay-off
Right sizing
11. The process of establishing the value of jobs in a job hierarchy is known as
Job analysis
Job requirement
Job evaluation
Performance evaluation Find the correct combination according to the code.
I&II II&III
III&IV I&IV
12. Which of the following is the meaning of Human Resource Planning
Evaluation of job
Satisfaction of the employees on the job
Appraising the performance of employees
It is the process by which an organisation ensures that it has the right number and kind of people at the right place, at the right time.
13. Induction refers to
Giving training to the employees.
Giving incentive to the employees.
Introducing employees to the organisation culture and situation.
Increasing the morale of the employees.
14. Which of the following is not a fringe benefit
Transport
Subsidised canteen facilities
Free education to the children
Dearness Allowance
15. and theory was prepared by
Herzbeg
Maslow
Porter and Lawler
McGregor
16. Which of the following formula is used to calculate Pay Back Period when cash inflows are constant
Fixed Assets/Current Assets
Fixed Assets/Current Liabilities
Initial Investment cost/Annual cash inflows
None of the above
17. The P/E ratio approach to stock valuation is also known as
Earnings multiplier approach
Dividend discounting approach
Required rate of return
None of the above
18. The capital structure theories which argue that capital structure is relevant to the value of firm contain
I. Net Income Approach
II. Net Operating Income Approach
III. Traditional Approach
IV. Modigliani and Miller
Approach Find the correct combination according to the code
I II are correct.
I III are correct.
III IV are correct.
II IV are correct.
19. Short term financing instruments may contain
I. Commercial Paper
II. Public Deposits
III. Term Loans
IV. Trade Credit Find the correct combination according to the code.
II III are correct.
II, III IV are correct.
III IV are correct.
II IV are correct.
10. ÁÖ´Ö ¿ÖÛŒŸÖ ´Öë †Ö-Öê ¾ÖÖ»Öß .ú´Öß .úÆü»ÖÖŸÖß Æüî
ÃÖ¾êÖÖÃÖ´ÖÖÛ¯ŸÖ
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I. •ÖÖ²òÖ ×¾Ö¿»ÖÂêÖ.Ö
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I †Öî¸ü II II †Ö¸îü III
III †Öî¸ü IV I †Ö¸îü IV
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II. ×-Ö¾Ö»Ö ×.úµÎÖÖ¿Öᯙ †ÖµÖ ˆ¯ÖÖ.Ö´Ö
III. ¯ÖÖ¸ü´¯Ö׸ü.ú ˆ¯ÖÖ.Ö´Ö
IV. ´ÖÖ¤êüßÛ.»ÖµÖÖ-Öß †Ö¸îü ×´Ö»»Ö¸ü ˆ¯ÖÖ.Ö´Ö ¯ÖϤü¢Ö .æú™ü .êú †Ö¬ÖÖ¸ü ¯Ö¸ü ÃÖÆüß µÖ.´ãÖ .úÖ
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20. For calculating weighted average cost of capital, cost of each source of capital is multiplied by proportion applicable to it. The proportions may be based on
Book values only
Target capital structure only
Market values only
All of the above
21. Which of the following is not included in 7 of services marketing
Process People
Pricing Public relations
22. Which of the following is not a stage in the new product development
Generation of ideas
Business analysis
Market segmentation
Test marketing
23. Industrial marketing involves
Business to Business
Business to Customer
Customer to Customer
Retailer to Consumer
24. The concept of Marketing Myopia is propounded by
Philip Kotler
C.K. Prahalada
Peter Drucker
Theodore Levitt
25. In which stage of product life cycle, the company takes decision whether to maintain, harvest or drop the product
Introduction Growth
Maturity Decline
26. Which of the following is the best technique to manage the existing products
Ansoff Matrix
Balanced score card
BCG Matrix
Product life cycle analysis
27. Which of the following is not an element of production management
Plant Profit
Process People
28. Production Management Tactical Planning decisions include
Establishing parameters for measuring operational efficiency and productivity.
Establishing quality specifications and test details.
Determining starting and finishing time of each job in the work stations.
None of the above
29. Work study refers to
Analysis of work into smaller parts followed by re-arrangement of these parts to give the same effectiveness at lesser cost.
Analytical investigation of the methods involved in the work.
Developing new methods to give work effectiveness.
All of the above
30. Economic lot size is known as
the lot size for which the total cost per time period is minimum.
the ordering cost and carrying cost are minimum.
the lot size that strikes a balance between ordering cost and carrying cost.
the quantity to be ordered each time is fixed.
20. ¯ÖÑæ•Öß .úß ³ÖÖ׸üŸÖ †ÖÃîÖŸÖ »ÖÖ.ÖŸÖ .úß .Ö.Ö-ÖÖ .êú ×»Ö‹, ¯ÖæÑ•Öß .êú ¯ÖÏŸµÖê.ú ÄÖÖêŸÖ .úÖê ‡ÃÖ ¯Ö¸ü »ÖÖ.Öæ ÆüÖê-Öê ¾ÖÖ»Öê †-Ö¯ãÖÖŸÖ ÃÖê .Öã.ÖÖ .ú¸ü ×»ÖµÖÖ •ÖÖŸÖÖ Æüî… µÖê †-Öã¯ÖÖŸÖ †Ö¬ÖÖ׸üŸÖ ÆüÖê ÃÖ.úŸÖê Æïü
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22. ×-Ö´-Ö×»Ö×.ÖŸÖ ´Öë ÃÖê .úÖ-îÖ ÃÖÖ -Ö¾Ö ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤ü ×¾Ö.úÖÃÖ
.êú ÃÖÖ¯êÖÖ-ÖÖë ´Öë ÃÖê -ÖÆüà Æüî?
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.ÖÖÏÆü.ú ÃÖê .ÖÖÏÆü.ú ŸÖ.ú
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24. ´ÖÖ.ìúØ™ü.Ö ´ÖÖµÖÖׯêÖµÖÖ †¾Ö¬ÖÖ¸ü.ÖÖ .úÖ ¯ÖןÏÖ¯ÖÖ¤ü-Ö ×.úÃÖ-Öê ×.úµÖÖ
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×£ÖµÖÖê›üÖê¸ü »Ö×¾êÖ™ü
25. ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤ü .ú •êÖß¾Ö-Ö .ú´ÎÖ ´Öë ¾ÖÆü .úÖ-îÖ ÃÖÖ ÃÖÖê¯ÖÖ-Ö Æüî
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26. ´ÖîÖæü ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤Ö.ú ´ëÖ´-Ö×»ÖÖŸÖ ÖÖ•¤üëêÏÖ,×-×.´ë ÃÖêÖîÖ ÖßþÖÖÖ´ŸÖ.ú-Öî?,.ú-ÃÖì¢Ö ß.úÆü
‹-ÖÃÖÖò±ú ´Ö×™îüÒŒÃÖ
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27. ×-Ö´-Ö×»Ö×.ÖŸÖ ´Öë ÃÖê ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤ü-Ö .úÖ 'Ö™ü.ú
.úÖ-îÖ ÃÖÖ -ÖÆüà Æüî?
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28. ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤ü-Ö .ú .êú¿ãÖ»Ö µÖÖ•êÖ-ÖÖ ×-Ö.ÖµÔÖ ´Öë ÃÖÛ´´Ö×»ÖŸÖ Æîü
×-Ö¯Ö.ãÖŸÖÖ †Ö¸îü ˆŸ¯ÖÖ¤ü.úŸÖÖ .úÖê ´ÖÖ¯Ö-Öê .êú ´ÖÖ¯Ö¤.›üü ãÖÖ×¯ÖŸÖ .ú¸ü-ÖÖ …
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29. .úÖµÖÔ †¬µÖµÖ-Ö ÃÖê †×³Ö¯ÖÖ쵅 Æîü
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31. Objective of Value Engineering is 36. If X is normally distributed with
Reduce cost without reducing the quality. mean 30 and s.d. 5 and denotes
Increase value without x
increasing the cost.
1
1 2p
2 t2 dt then P(26 X
Reduce cost by reducing the
quality.
e
o
None of the above
32. If the independent variates xi …..n) are normally distributed about a common mean, with a common variance, s2, their mean is also normally distributed about but with a
variance
ns2
s2
n
sn
2
33. The weak law of large numbers is another version of
convergence in probability
random number generation
financial probability law
poisson probability law
34. The basic assumptions underlying the t-test for the difference of two sample means are that the parent populations are and population variances are
of any shape; equal and known
normal; equal and known
normal; equal but unknown
normal; unequal but known
35. LAN stands for
Large Area Network
Local Area Network
Long Accurate Network
Lay Access Network
40) and P 45) are given by 1
and
2 1
and
2 1
and
2 1
and
2
37. What enables the management to find out whether the strategic management process are appropriate, compatible and functioning in the desirable direction
Implementation control
Special alert control
Premise control
Strategic control
38. Which one is not the part of Michael Porter's five forces model
Threat of substitutes
Firm's core competence
Rivalry among existing players
Threat of new entrants
39. Which of the following strategy is regarded unfair
Collusion
Strategic alliance
Differentiation
Turn around strategy
31. ´Ö»µæÖ †×³ÖµÖÖסÓÖ.úß .úÖ ˆ§üê¿µÖ Æîü
.Öã.Ö¾Ö¢ÖÖ .úÖê 'Ö™üÖµÖê »ÖÖ.ÖŸÖ ´Öë
.ú´Öß …
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36. µÖפü ‹ŒÃÖ ´ÖÖ¬µÖ 30 †Öî¸ü s.d. 5 .êú ÃÖÖ£Ö ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ-µÖŸÖµÖÖ ×¾ÖŸÖ׸üŸÖ Æîü †Ö¸îü F
2p
x
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…
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e
1 t2
2
dt .ú
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ê
P(26
.ú¸ü-ÖÖ …
ˆ¯Ö¸üÖêŒŸÖ ´Öë ÃÖê .úÖ‡êÔ -ÖÆüà
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³Öß ÃÖÖ´ÖÖ-µÖŸÖµÖÖ »Ö.Ö³Ö.Ö ‹ ¯Ö¸ü ×¾ÖŸÖ׸üŸÖ Æüî, ¯Ö¸ü-ŸÖã ‹.ú †-ŸÖ¸ü .êú ÃÖÖ£Ö
s2
ns2
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