Exam Details
Subject | biotechnology | |
Paper | ||
Exam / Course | ph d | |
Department | ||
Organization | central university | |
Position | ||
Exam Date | 2015 | |
City, State | telangana, hyderabad |
Question Paper
1. Tesla is the unit of:
Magnetic flux density
Resonance
Photon flux
Mass charge
2. If two linear single stranded DNA molecules are heated to 368 K followed by cooling to
278 the product formed is
Double stranded DNA with blunt ends
Double stranded DNA with overhangs
Single stranded circular DNA
Linear single straded DNA
3. A fires 7 shots to but A kills only once in 4 shots while B kills once in 2 shots. When B has missed 20 times, A has killed:
90 birds
14 birds
25 birds
20 birds
4. The calculated bond order in O2-ion is
1.0
1.5
2
2.5
5. Protein A and B have similar migration on native page; while Protein A shows two times
higher molecular weight than protein B on SDS PAGE, which of the following is true:
A and B are monomeric
A and Bare dimeric
A is monomeric and B is dimeric
A is dimeric and B is monomeric
6. LED -television works on the following principle
Luminescence
Phosphorescence
Electro Luminescence
Fluorescence
7. The reaction of 2-chloropyridine with sodium ethoxide is
Elimination followed by addition
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
Addition followed by substitution
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
8. When it is 8.30 A.M. on Wednesday of Greenwich, then:
It is 10.30 P.M. on Wednesday at New Delhi
It is 6.15 A.M. on Tuesday at New York
It is 3.30 P.M. on Wednesday at Sydney
It is 5.30 P.M. on Wednesday at Tokyo
9. Example of fermions are
Electron and proton
photon and proton
Electron and proton
Photon
10. What is the number of triangles in the given figure? <img src='./qimages/1943-10.jpg'>
12
20
8
14
11. Which of the following is the least dense metals?
Mercury
Lithium
Germanium
Platinum
12. Which of the following are the ingredients of gun metal?
Iron, zinc and sodium
Iron, copper and brass
Copper and Tin
Aluminum and Uranium
13. The minimum calculated distance of Mars from Earth is:
54.6 Million Km
401 Million Km
225 Million Km
95.5 Million Km
14. Which statement;is incorrect about the Z-DNA form:
It entails a left handed double helix winding to the left in a zig-zag pattern
The major and minor grooves show little difference in width
Certain conditions such as high salt and negative supercoiling induce it
Once induced, it usually persists longer and remains stable
15. The difference between the molecular weight of sucrose and that of the sum of the molecular weights of its components (glucose and fructose) is:
0
2
18
D)16
16. Different isotopes of an element are physically separated by the process of:
Ultra centrifugation
Filtration
Evaporation
Distillation
17. Proteogenomics is an approach of identification of proteins and peptides wherein:
Mass spectrometry based data are used for identification of novel peptides
Novel peptides are mined from customized genomic and transcriptomic databases
Mass spectrometry data are searched and compared against genomic and franscriptomics databases for the identification of novel peptides
Novel peptides are identified at the interface of proteomics and genomics approaches
18. The following is a potent alkylating mutagen that is used as a tool in genetic screens:
Nitosoamine
N-methyl formamide
Acridine orange
Nitroso-ethyl urea
19. Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements are present in the genome of
Rabies virus
Smallpox virus
Vaccinia virus
Poliovirus
20. The following are the reservoirs/vectors for Ebola and Marburg viruses:
Fruit Bats
Mosquitoes
Rodents
Migratory Birds
21. Mate pair information is not retained in this sequencing technique:
Solexa sequenGing
Sanger sequenCing
454 sequencing
SoLiD sequencing
22. There are 3 non-graduated gallons ABC:
Gallon A having max capacity of 7 litres is currently filled with 4 litres of water
Gallon B having max capacity of 5 litres is currently filled with 3 litres of water
Gallon C having max capacity of 3 litres is currently filled with 2 litres of water
How can you measure 1 liter of water in minimum number of steps?
Pour 1 litre of water from gallon A to gallon C
Pour water from gallon C to completely fill gallon B and leftover is one litre water
Step A followed by step B
Pour exactly 1 litre water from gallon C to gallon A
23. 30. This is what you have for an equation. The following are the numbers that you can use to fill in the brackets, if required with the use of a sign: 11, 13 15. Your correctly filled brackets should be:
(15 (13 (13
A or B
24. What function the transformer performs at a power station?
regulates heating of electric lines by stepping up the voltage
decreases heating of electric lines by stepping up the current
increases heating of electric lines by stepping up the voltage
decreases heating of electric lines by stepping down the voltage
25. The following type of chart is used to display the work break down structure of a project:
Dough nut chart
Gantt chart
Bubble chart
Radar chart
26. Which of the following programs does not take PDB file as an input:
RasMol
Chime
BLAST
PyMol
27. Beta-amyloid Plaques are associated with
Huntington disease
Alzheimer's disease
ALS
Parkinson's disease
28. The development of pollen in tapetum cells is prevented by the expression of an enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Hexokinase
ATPase
Cytochrome oxidase
Ribonuclease
29. You are studying DNA replication in an E. coli mutant, which has a partially defective DNA pollmerase. In vitro experiments using the mutant DNA polymerase gives an error rate of 10-6 as compared to the expected error rate of 10-6. Which of the following activities is the mutant polymerase likely to be missing, as compared to the normal polymerase
exonuclease
exonuclease
recombinase
polymerase
30. Biodegradable nanopartic1es have following features
Kill cells
Escape from immune system
Accumulate in the Gut
Unstable
31. Which of the following genetic elements insert at tRNA genes in their host chromosome
Genomic islands
IS elements
Plasmids
Prophages
32. Which of the following is the most common and stable confirmation for a polypeptide chain
Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheets
Anti-parallel beta pleated sheets
Tertiary structure
33. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the distribution of ions during the resting membrane potential of a neuron
is more concentrated inside the cell
Na+ is more concentrated inside the cell
Ca+2 is concentrated more outside the cell
Na+ is concentrated more outside the cell
Only and are true
Only and are true
Only and are true
Only and are true
34. Inactivation of a gene that codes for a repressor protein which is involved in regulation of genes Y and Z leads to
Inhibition ofX,YandZtranscription
Constitutive expression ofX, Y and Z genes
Rapiddegradation ofX,YandZmRNA
Disappearance ofX, Y and Z proteins
35. Structures that have the same evolutionary origin although they may have different structures or functions are said to be
alogous
analogous
homologous
Non-homologous
36. In a mixture of proteins listed below, which should elute second in size-exclusion chromatography
cytochrome c Mr 13,000
immunoglobulin G Mr 145,000
ribonuclease A Mr 13,700
RNA polymerase Mr 450,000
37. Programmed cell death or apoptosis is
a genetically coded and regulated process
not associated with ischemia
inflammatory response
a result of multiple random events
38. The bacterial effector protein that induces hummingbird phenotype in cultured epithelial cells
Botulinum toxin
CagA
Staphylococcal protein A
LPS
39. Sickle cell anemia is a disease resulting from missense mutation. What amino acid is substituted at the original glutamic acid? This mutation affects which protein chain in the hemoglobin
Valine; beta hemoglobin
Valine; alpha hemoglobin
Methionine; alpha hemoglobin
Cysteine; beta hemoglobin
40. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a typical bacterial operon?
The genes are translated into a single polypeptide
The genes in the operon are transcribed into a single mRNA molecule
The genes frequently encode proteins that are involved in a single biochemical pathway
The genes are under the control of a single promoter
41.Which of the following amino acids will be the site of enzyme modification by phosphorylation?
Arginine
Cysteine
Phenylalanine
Serine
42. Ebola virus genome is
+ve ssRNA
-ve ss RNA
dsRNA
ss DNA
43. Which of the following drug inhibits DNA replication
Rifampicin
Puromycin
Oligomycin
5-Fluorouracil
44. Which of the following is a mobile electron carrier protein in the photosynthetic electron transport
Plastoquinone
Plastocyanin
Phycocyanin
DI protein
45. The following gene/locus when deleted from the X or V-chromosome can lead to misidentification of gender in forensic or prenatal analysis
a Holandric gene
Amelogenin
SRY gene
52. A famous biological sample repository based in the US is
ATCC
NCBI
NTTC
NIST
53. Thin layer chromatography can be used to distinguish between different amino acids. If a particular amino acid has"low solubility in the mobile phase used, then the amino acid
will have a low Rf value
will spend more time dissolved in the mobile phase than attached to the stationary phase
must have a high molecular mass
will move at a speed close to that of the solvent
54. Calcium channels in Endoplasmic reticulum of plants and animals are controlled by
cAMP
Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
cGMP
G-proteins
55. In isoelectric-focusing the following substances are used to give a pH gradient
Veronal
Tris
Polyaminopolycarboxylic acids
Phosphate buffer
56. Graft and tumor rejection are mediated primarily by
non-complement-fixing antibodies
phagocytic cells
helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
57. Eukaryotic cells with DNA damage often cease progression through the cell cycle until the damage is repaired. This type of control over the cell cycle is referred to as
Proteosome control
Damage control
Anticyclin control
Checkpoint control
58. Area of the brain associated with speech is called:
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Angular gyrus
Ventricles
59. Pharmacophore is a
Receptor
Molecular structure feature
Drug effect
Substrate effect
60. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) celebrated the year 2014 as:
International Year of Bioinformatics
International Year of Crystallography
International Year of Molecular Biology
International Year of Structural Biology
61. Peroxiredoxins do not reduce
H202
Paraquat
Alkylperoxides
Peroxinitrites
62. Two-dimensional electrophoresis is a combination of which two techniques?
Isoelectric focusing and affinity chromatography
Ion-exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGE
Isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE
Isoelectric focusing and ion-exchange chromatography
63. Following labelled ATP can be used to label DNA or protein using a kinase
alpha-P-32 ATP .
P-32-inorganic phosphate
y-P32 ATP
B-P32 ATP
64. The mechanism that permits immunoglobulins to be synthesized in either a membrane-bound or secreted form is
allelic exclusion
codominantexpression
the one-tumltwo-turnjoining rule
differential RNA processing
65. Polynucleotide ligase joins two DNA molecules together by forming a covalent bond between
Two OH groups of adjacent strands
A 3'OH group and a P04 group
A P04 group and a OH group
Two carbon atoms of adjacent nucleotides on the same strand
66. Which of the following separates molecule according to their size
Gel-Filtration chromatography
Affinity chromatography
Isoelectic focusing
Ion exchange chromatography
67. Which of the following describes RNA interference
Antisense RNA molecules block the translation of mRNA molecules
Double-stranded RNA molecules are bound by proteins that block their translation
Double-stranded RNA molecules are cleaved by a nuclease into short interfering RNA molecules
Short interfering RNA molecules bind to the ribosome to prevent the translation of viral mRNAs
68. Which statement is scientifically correct about raw honey?
It retains footprints of all the components of the eco-social system of the beehive
It holistically entails benefits of pure honey, pollen, wax and other unknown biotic components and enzymes/peptides added by the bees and by their farmed Inicrobiota
It contains probiotic bacteria from the honey crop of bees
All of the above
69. One of the following is a regulatory protein
Gp120
integrase
Reverse transcriptase
Tat
70. The frequency of somatic mutation in Ig genes is greatest during
differentiation of pre-B cells into mature B cells
differentiation of pre-T cells into mature T cells
generation of memory B cells
antibody secretion by plasma cells
71. The methods used for locating transcription start site are
Gel retardation and foot printing
Northern analysis and RT-PCR
Primer extension and S1 nuclease mapping
Cloning of5' UTRs and DNA Sequencing
72. A person with lactose intolerance is most likely deficient in breaking the following chemical bond:
An ester linkage
A phosphodiester bond
An amide bond
A glycosidic bond
73. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus belongs to the family
Picomaviridae
Coronoviridae
Adenoviridae
Abolaviridae
74. Which of the following processes is thought to underlie concerted evolution
Gene conversion
Lateral gene transfer
Programmed cell death
Transposition
75. Based on the time dependent changes in the fatty acid composition of a bacterial membrane as shown in the following figure, identify the abiotic stress treatment given to the bacterial culture
<img src='./qimages/1677-68.jpg'><br><br>
Heat stress
Salt stress
Cold stress
Oxidative stress
Magnetic flux density
Resonance
Photon flux
Mass charge
2. If two linear single stranded DNA molecules are heated to 368 K followed by cooling to
278 the product formed is
Double stranded DNA with blunt ends
Double stranded DNA with overhangs
Single stranded circular DNA
Linear single straded DNA
3. A fires 7 shots to but A kills only once in 4 shots while B kills once in 2 shots. When B has missed 20 times, A has killed:
90 birds
14 birds
25 birds
20 birds
4. The calculated bond order in O2-ion is
1.0
1.5
2
2.5
5. Protein A and B have similar migration on native page; while Protein A shows two times
higher molecular weight than protein B on SDS PAGE, which of the following is true:
A and B are monomeric
A and Bare dimeric
A is monomeric and B is dimeric
A is dimeric and B is monomeric
6. LED -television works on the following principle
Luminescence
Phosphorescence
Electro Luminescence
Fluorescence
7. The reaction of 2-chloropyridine with sodium ethoxide is
Elimination followed by addition
Electrophilic aromatic substitution
Addition followed by substitution
Nucleophilic aromatic substitution
8. When it is 8.30 A.M. on Wednesday of Greenwich, then:
It is 10.30 P.M. on Wednesday at New Delhi
It is 6.15 A.M. on Tuesday at New York
It is 3.30 P.M. on Wednesday at Sydney
It is 5.30 P.M. on Wednesday at Tokyo
9. Example of fermions are
Electron and proton
photon and proton
Electron and proton
Photon
10. What is the number of triangles in the given figure? <img src='./qimages/1943-10.jpg'>
12
20
8
14
11. Which of the following is the least dense metals?
Mercury
Lithium
Germanium
Platinum
12. Which of the following are the ingredients of gun metal?
Iron, zinc and sodium
Iron, copper and brass
Copper and Tin
Aluminum and Uranium
13. The minimum calculated distance of Mars from Earth is:
54.6 Million Km
401 Million Km
225 Million Km
95.5 Million Km
14. Which statement;is incorrect about the Z-DNA form:
It entails a left handed double helix winding to the left in a zig-zag pattern
The major and minor grooves show little difference in width
Certain conditions such as high salt and negative supercoiling induce it
Once induced, it usually persists longer and remains stable
15. The difference between the molecular weight of sucrose and that of the sum of the molecular weights of its components (glucose and fructose) is:
0
2
18
D)16
16. Different isotopes of an element are physically separated by the process of:
Ultra centrifugation
Filtration
Evaporation
Distillation
17. Proteogenomics is an approach of identification of proteins and peptides wherein:
Mass spectrometry based data are used for identification of novel peptides
Novel peptides are mined from customized genomic and transcriptomic databases
Mass spectrometry data are searched and compared against genomic and franscriptomics databases for the identification of novel peptides
Novel peptides are identified at the interface of proteomics and genomics approaches
18. The following is a potent alkylating mutagen that is used as a tool in genetic screens:
Nitosoamine
N-methyl formamide
Acridine orange
Nitroso-ethyl urea
19. Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements are present in the genome of
Rabies virus
Smallpox virus
Vaccinia virus
Poliovirus
20. The following are the reservoirs/vectors for Ebola and Marburg viruses:
Fruit Bats
Mosquitoes
Rodents
Migratory Birds
21. Mate pair information is not retained in this sequencing technique:
Solexa sequenGing
Sanger sequenCing
454 sequencing
SoLiD sequencing
22. There are 3 non-graduated gallons ABC:
Gallon A having max capacity of 7 litres is currently filled with 4 litres of water
Gallon B having max capacity of 5 litres is currently filled with 3 litres of water
Gallon C having max capacity of 3 litres is currently filled with 2 litres of water
How can you measure 1 liter of water in minimum number of steps?
Pour 1 litre of water from gallon A to gallon C
Pour water from gallon C to completely fill gallon B and leftover is one litre water
Step A followed by step B
Pour exactly 1 litre water from gallon C to gallon A
23. 30. This is what you have for an equation. The following are the numbers that you can use to fill in the brackets, if required with the use of a sign: 11, 13 15. Your correctly filled brackets should be:
(15 (13 (13
A or B
24. What function the transformer performs at a power station?
regulates heating of electric lines by stepping up the voltage
decreases heating of electric lines by stepping up the current
increases heating of electric lines by stepping up the voltage
decreases heating of electric lines by stepping down the voltage
25. The following type of chart is used to display the work break down structure of a project:
Dough nut chart
Gantt chart
Bubble chart
Radar chart
26. Which of the following programs does not take PDB file as an input:
RasMol
Chime
BLAST
PyMol
27. Beta-amyloid Plaques are associated with
Huntington disease
Alzheimer's disease
ALS
Parkinson's disease
28. The development of pollen in tapetum cells is prevented by the expression of an enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Hexokinase
ATPase
Cytochrome oxidase
Ribonuclease
29. You are studying DNA replication in an E. coli mutant, which has a partially defective DNA pollmerase. In vitro experiments using the mutant DNA polymerase gives an error rate of 10-6 as compared to the expected error rate of 10-6. Which of the following activities is the mutant polymerase likely to be missing, as compared to the normal polymerase
exonuclease
exonuclease
recombinase
polymerase
30. Biodegradable nanopartic1es have following features
Kill cells
Escape from immune system
Accumulate in the Gut
Unstable
31. Which of the following genetic elements insert at tRNA genes in their host chromosome
Genomic islands
IS elements
Plasmids
Prophages
32. Which of the following is the most common and stable confirmation for a polypeptide chain
Alpha helix
Beta pleated sheets
Anti-parallel beta pleated sheets
Tertiary structure
33. Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the distribution of ions during the resting membrane potential of a neuron
is more concentrated inside the cell
Na+ is more concentrated inside the cell
Ca+2 is concentrated more outside the cell
Na+ is concentrated more outside the cell
Only and are true
Only and are true
Only and are true
Only and are true
34. Inactivation of a gene that codes for a repressor protein which is involved in regulation of genes Y and Z leads to
Inhibition ofX,YandZtranscription
Constitutive expression ofX, Y and Z genes
Rapiddegradation ofX,YandZmRNA
Disappearance ofX, Y and Z proteins
35. Structures that have the same evolutionary origin although they may have different structures or functions are said to be
alogous
analogous
homologous
Non-homologous
36. In a mixture of proteins listed below, which should elute second in size-exclusion chromatography
cytochrome c Mr 13,000
immunoglobulin G Mr 145,000
ribonuclease A Mr 13,700
RNA polymerase Mr 450,000
37. Programmed cell death or apoptosis is
a genetically coded and regulated process
not associated with ischemia
inflammatory response
a result of multiple random events
38. The bacterial effector protein that induces hummingbird phenotype in cultured epithelial cells
Botulinum toxin
CagA
Staphylococcal protein A
LPS
39. Sickle cell anemia is a disease resulting from missense mutation. What amino acid is substituted at the original glutamic acid? This mutation affects which protein chain in the hemoglobin
Valine; beta hemoglobin
Valine; alpha hemoglobin
Methionine; alpha hemoglobin
Cysteine; beta hemoglobin
40. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a typical bacterial operon?
The genes are translated into a single polypeptide
The genes in the operon are transcribed into a single mRNA molecule
The genes frequently encode proteins that are involved in a single biochemical pathway
The genes are under the control of a single promoter
41.Which of the following amino acids will be the site of enzyme modification by phosphorylation?
Arginine
Cysteine
Phenylalanine
Serine
42. Ebola virus genome is
+ve ssRNA
-ve ss RNA
dsRNA
ss DNA
43. Which of the following drug inhibits DNA replication
Rifampicin
Puromycin
Oligomycin
5-Fluorouracil
44. Which of the following is a mobile electron carrier protein in the photosynthetic electron transport
Plastoquinone
Plastocyanin
Phycocyanin
DI protein
45. The following gene/locus when deleted from the X or V-chromosome can lead to misidentification of gender in forensic or prenatal analysis
a Holandric gene
Amelogenin
SRY gene
52. A famous biological sample repository based in the US is
ATCC
NCBI
NTTC
NIST
53. Thin layer chromatography can be used to distinguish between different amino acids. If a particular amino acid has"low solubility in the mobile phase used, then the amino acid
will have a low Rf value
will spend more time dissolved in the mobile phase than attached to the stationary phase
must have a high molecular mass
will move at a speed close to that of the solvent
54. Calcium channels in Endoplasmic reticulum of plants and animals are controlled by
cAMP
Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
cGMP
G-proteins
55. In isoelectric-focusing the following substances are used to give a pH gradient
Veronal
Tris
Polyaminopolycarboxylic acids
Phosphate buffer
56. Graft and tumor rejection are mediated primarily by
non-complement-fixing antibodies
phagocytic cells
helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
57. Eukaryotic cells with DNA damage often cease progression through the cell cycle until the damage is repaired. This type of control over the cell cycle is referred to as
Proteosome control
Damage control
Anticyclin control
Checkpoint control
58. Area of the brain associated with speech is called:
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
Angular gyrus
Ventricles
59. Pharmacophore is a
Receptor
Molecular structure feature
Drug effect
Substrate effect
60. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) celebrated the year 2014 as:
International Year of Bioinformatics
International Year of Crystallography
International Year of Molecular Biology
International Year of Structural Biology
61. Peroxiredoxins do not reduce
H202
Paraquat
Alkylperoxides
Peroxinitrites
62. Two-dimensional electrophoresis is a combination of which two techniques?
Isoelectric focusing and affinity chromatography
Ion-exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGE
Isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE
Isoelectric focusing and ion-exchange chromatography
63. Following labelled ATP can be used to label DNA or protein using a kinase
alpha-P-32 ATP .
P-32-inorganic phosphate
y-P32 ATP
B-P32 ATP
64. The mechanism that permits immunoglobulins to be synthesized in either a membrane-bound or secreted form is
allelic exclusion
codominantexpression
the one-tumltwo-turnjoining rule
differential RNA processing
65. Polynucleotide ligase joins two DNA molecules together by forming a covalent bond between
Two OH groups of adjacent strands
A 3'OH group and a P04 group
A P04 group and a OH group
Two carbon atoms of adjacent nucleotides on the same strand
66. Which of the following separates molecule according to their size
Gel-Filtration chromatography
Affinity chromatography
Isoelectic focusing
Ion exchange chromatography
67. Which of the following describes RNA interference
Antisense RNA molecules block the translation of mRNA molecules
Double-stranded RNA molecules are bound by proteins that block their translation
Double-stranded RNA molecules are cleaved by a nuclease into short interfering RNA molecules
Short interfering RNA molecules bind to the ribosome to prevent the translation of viral mRNAs
68. Which statement is scientifically correct about raw honey?
It retains footprints of all the components of the eco-social system of the beehive
It holistically entails benefits of pure honey, pollen, wax and other unknown biotic components and enzymes/peptides added by the bees and by their farmed Inicrobiota
It contains probiotic bacteria from the honey crop of bees
All of the above
69. One of the following is a regulatory protein
Gp120
integrase
Reverse transcriptase
Tat
70. The frequency of somatic mutation in Ig genes is greatest during
differentiation of pre-B cells into mature B cells
differentiation of pre-T cells into mature T cells
generation of memory B cells
antibody secretion by plasma cells
71. The methods used for locating transcription start site are
Gel retardation and foot printing
Northern analysis and RT-PCR
Primer extension and S1 nuclease mapping
Cloning of5' UTRs and DNA Sequencing
72. A person with lactose intolerance is most likely deficient in breaking the following chemical bond:
An ester linkage
A phosphodiester bond
An amide bond
A glycosidic bond
73. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) virus belongs to the family
Picomaviridae
Coronoviridae
Adenoviridae
Abolaviridae
74. Which of the following processes is thought to underlie concerted evolution
Gene conversion
Lateral gene transfer
Programmed cell death
Transposition
75. Based on the time dependent changes in the fatty acid composition of a bacterial membrane as shown in the following figure, identify the abiotic stress treatment given to the bacterial culture
<img src='./qimages/1677-68.jpg'><br><br>
Heat stress
Salt stress
Cold stress
Oxidative stress
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