Mention the correct ansvver (either C or in OMR answer sheet provided.


1. The idea of general will is developed by

A. John Locke

B. J.J. Rousseau

C. Alex Tocqueville

D. Antonio Gramsci

2. Who is the author of The Open SociehJ and its Enemies?

A. Isaiah Berlin

B. HLAHart

C. Thomas Kuhn

D. Karl Popper

3. Fabian socialists are in favour of

A. profits being used for welfare of the poor only

B. abolition of profits

C. profits being used for general social welfare

D. profits to be used by the rich only

4. Which form of government is the pervert form of aristocracy according to Aristotle?

A. Tyranny

B. Democracy

C. Oligarchy

D. Monarchy

5. Match the following books with their authors from the codes which follows:

Book Author Leviathan J. J Rousseau Two Treatises of Government John Locke
(iii) TIre Social Contract Thomas Hobbes

Code:
A. iii-c

B. iii-a

C. iii-b

D. ii-at iii-c

6. Match the following books with their authors from the codes which follow:

Books Authors Hind Swaraj BR Ambedkar Discovery of India MKGandhi
(iii) The Annihilation of Caste Jawaharlal Nehru

Code:

A. iii-c

B. iii-a

C. iii-a

D. None of the above

7. Identify the author who uses the term 'hegemony':

A. Antonio Gramsci

B. Alex Tocqueville

c. Thomas Paine

D. Thomas Jefferson

8. Locke's concept of natural rights includes

A. Right to equal opportunity

B. Right to religion

C. Right to property

D. Right to election

9. Who says, 'Family is the cradle of citizenship'?

A. Mazzini

B. Garibaldi

C. Cavour

D. Metternich

10. Who is the author of Tire Subjection of Women?

A. Jeremy Bentham

B. James Mill

C. J5 Mill

D. Mary Wollstonecraft

11. Which political ideology claims, 'greatest happiness of greatest number is the measure of right and wrong'?

A. Socialism

B. Utilitarianism

C. Communitarianism

D. Fascism

12. Who says that laws are commands of the Sovereign backed by force?

A. John Austin

B. Harold Laski

C. John Locke

D. BR Ambedkar

13. Who has developed the idea of managerialism?

A. Weber

B. Morrison

C. Burnham

D. Hewart

14. Which of the following is not a feature of Weber's concept of legal-rational bureaucracy?

A. Continuity

B. Competence

C. Coordination

D. Centralisation

15. Who propounded the 'theory of scientific management'?

A. F WTaylor

B. MaxWeber

C. L.O. White

D. Robert A Dahl

16. Which of the following is described as anti-theoretical, anti-positivist and anti­hierarchical?

A. Development Administration

B. New Public Administration

C. Comparative Administration

D. Administrative development

17. The concept of 'Administrative development' was developed by

A. Edward Weidner

B. Dwight Waldo

C. Joseph LaPalombara

D. F.W.Riggs

18. Match the following and choose the correct code that follows:

Concepts Propounders
a) The proverbs of administration Robert A Dahl
b) The ecology of administration J. LaPalombara
c) The problems of science of Public Frank Marini
Administration. H.A. Simon
d) The development administration F.W. Riggs

Code:

a b c d

A. 4 1 3 5

B. 4 5 1 2

C. 4 5 3 1

D. 4 5 1 3

19. The concept of gang-plank stands for:

A. Establishing a communication channel with an employee of a higher level

B. Establishing an informal communication channel in the organisation

C. Establishing a communication channel with an employee of the same level

D. Establishing a communication channel with an employee of the lower level

20. The most important means of coordination is:

A. Hierarchy

B. Consultation

C. Planning

D. Centralised house keeping agency

21. The concept of the'zone of indifference' is associated with:

A. Decision making

B. Leadership

C. Authority

D. Motivation

22. Cybernetics is the science of

A. Decision-making

B. Organisations

C. Ecology

D. Communication

23. Which type of communication is called as public relations?

A. Across communication

B. Inter-personal communication

C. Internal communication

D. Extemalcommunication

24. Consider the following: The budget should be a balanced one
2) Integration of the revenue and capital aspects
3) Estimates in a departmental basis
4) Estimates should be on a revenue basis
5) Budgeting should be net and not gross

Which of the above are integral to principles of budgeting?

A. 1,3 and 5

B. 1 and 3

C. 1,2and 4

D. 1,3and 4

25. Which of following constitutional amendments of India is described as a 'mini­Constitution'

A. 25th amendment

B. 42nd amendment

C. 44th amendment

D. 43rd amendment

26. Rajya Sabha is more important than Lok Sabha regarding

A. Creation of a new all India service

B. Creation of new state

C. Passing a money bill

D. Impeachment of President

27. In the Constitution of India 'residuary powers' are with

A. Supreme court

B. Union government

C. State goyernments

D. Inter-state council

28. The Finance Commission submits its report to

A. The President

B. The Parliament

C. The Prime Minister

D. The Union Finance Minister

29. Who appoints the members of All India Services?

A. The President

B. Union Home Minister

C. The Prime Minister

D. The Union Public Service Commission

30. Article 370 of the Constitution of India deals with

A. Special status of Nagaland

B. Special status of Jammu and Kashmir

C. Special status of Andhra Pradesh

D. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India

31. Article 1 of the Indian Constitution says

A. 'India is a federation'

B. "India, that is 'Bharat' shall be a union of states"

C. 'India is a sovereign nation'

D. 'India is a confederation'

32. The Governor of a state can be removed by

A. Prime Minister

B. Impeachment

C. Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers

D. President

33. Right to property in Indian Constitution is

A. A legal right

B. Not a right at all

C. A fundamental right

D. Natural right

34. Which one of the following was elected unopposed as President of India?

A. S. Radhakrishnan

B. Rajendra Prasad

C. Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy

D. APJ Abdul Kalam

35. Which of the following Acts introduced'dyarchy" in the Indian provinces?

A. Government of India Act, 1919

B. Government of India Act, 1935

C. Government of India Act, 1909

D. Government of India Act, 1858

36. Which of the following Articles in Indian Constitution provides for the right to education?

A. Article 20 A

B. Article 21 A

C. Article 19 A

D. Article 41

37. The Second World War began with the German invasion of

A. France

B. Czechoslovakia

C. Poland

D. Russia

38. The Treaty of Versailles provided for the creation of

A. United Nations

B. World Health Organization

C. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

D. League of Nations

39. Who of the following was the architect of unification of Germany?

A. Hitler

B. Bismarck

C. Garibaldi

D. Cavour

40. The first Afro-Asian Conference (1955) was held in:

A. Belgrade

B. New Delhi

C. Cairo

D. Bandung

41. Panchsheel was an agreement between

A. India and Burma

B. India and Bhutan

C. India and Tibet

D. India and China

42. The term detente is related to

A. Crimean War

B. World War I

C. Cold War

D. World War II

43. Which of the following organizations is associated with the principle of collective security?

A. United Nations

B. International Monetary Fund

C. World Trade Organization

D. European Union

44. Radcliffe Line demarcates the boundary between

A. India and China

B. India and Myanmar

C. India and Pakistan

D. India 'and Nepal

45. Which city hosted the recently held Common wealth Heads of Government Meeting

A. New Delhi

B. Colombo

C. Nairobi

D. Jakarta

46. Which among the following organizations has been awarded Nobel Peace Prize for the year 2013?

A. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)

B. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

C. Universal Postal Union

D. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

47. Bashar al-Assad is the leader of:

A. Jordan

B. Iran

C. Egypt

D. Syria

48. Which of the following organizations is associated with environmental issues?

A. Greenpeace

B. Freedom House

C. Amnesty International

D. Human Rights Watch

49. Chernobyl in Ukraine was the site of

A. The suffrage movement

B. A nuclear accident

C. Sino-Russian agreement

D. Emergence of green parties

50. The green movement stands for

A. Consumerism

B. Consumer protection

C. Sustainable development

D. Intensive farming

51. Which of the following is associated with the Kyoto Protocol?

A. Radio carbon dating

B. Political rights of environmentalists

C. Development with political rights

D. Reduction of greenhouse gases

52. 'Clientelism' is about

A. Electoral support and favours

B. Historical materialism

C. Social mobility

D. Pressure groups and their demands

53. 'Filibuster' a legislative practice in the United States is about

A. Changing constituency boundaries

B. Prolonging debate

C. Direct election

D. Referendum

54. Patriarchal domination is about

A. Economic growth

B. Social hierarchy

C. Voting rights

D. Gender just laws

55. Name one of the following countries which has seen military coups on several occasions

A. U.s.A

B. Pakistan

C. India

D. England

56. The Indian Constitution borrows the concept of 'equal protection of law' from the Constitution of

A. U.S.A

B. France

C. Switzerland

D. China

57. Which one of the following countries has similar method of electing the President as in the case of India?

A. United Kingdom

B. Pakistan

C. U.S.A

D. None of the above

58. Which part of the Constitution of India refers to the responsibility of the state towards international peace and security?

A. Fundamental Rights

B. Directive Principles of State Policy

C. Preamble of the Constitution

D. Emergency provisions

59. Who is the constitutional head of Australia?

A. The Chairman of the Australian Senate

B. The Prime Minister of Australia

C. The Queen of England

D. The Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives

60. 'Everything within the state: Nothing outside the state, nothing above the state.' This tenet has been propounded by

A. Socialism

B. Communism

C. Totalitarianism

D. Liberalism




Passage 1

A controversy has arisen about this: whether it is better to be loved than feared, or vice versa. My view is that it is desirable to be both loved and feared; but it is difficult to achieve both and, if one of them has to be lacking, it is much safer to be feared than loved.
For this may be said of men generally: they are ungrateful, fickle, feigners and dissemblers, avoiders of danger, eager for gain. While you benefit them they are all devoted to you: they would shed their blood for you; they offer their possessions, their lives, and their sons, as I said before, when the need to do so is far off. But when you are hard pressed, they turn away. A ruler who has relied completely on their promises, and has neglected to prepare other defences, will be ruined, because friendships that are acquired with money, and not through greatness and nobility of character, are paid for but not secured, and prove unreliable just when they are needed (Source: Niccolo Machiavelli. 2008. The Prince. Edited by Quentin Skinner and Russel Price. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University, p.59)
Answer question nos. 61-68 based on the passage above.

61. The controversy referred to above is regarding the desirability of:

A. It is better to be loved

B. It is better to be feared

C. It is better not to be either loved or feared

D. It is better to be loved than feared or better to be.feared than loved

62. It is desirable to be:

A. Loved

B. Feared

C. More feared than loved

D. Loved and feared

63. If one cannot be loved, then:

A. Itis better not to be loved

B. It is better to be feared than loved

C. Itis better to be feared and loved

D. Itis better neither to be feared nor loved

64. Generally speaking, men are:

A. Virtuous, kind and just

B. Ungrateful, fickle and feigners

C. Nasty, brutish and cruel

D. Pious, spiritual and charitable

65. Men are devoted to a ruler when:

A. He loves them

B. They fear a ruler

C. When the ruler benefits them

D. When the ruler loves them and they fear the ruler

66. A ruler is ruined when:

A. He benefits people

B. When he relies completely on promises

C. When he rules only by fear

D. When he expects love from his subjects

67. Friendships acquired with money are:

A. Safe

B. Secure

C. Permanent

D. Unreliable

68. Friendships are reliable only when:

A. They are acquired through fear

B. They are acquired through love

C. They are acquired through love and fear

D. They are acquired through greatness and nobility of character


Passage 2

Bureaucracy in India is largely the same as was set in motion during the British rule, following, thus the Weberian model: a combination of generalists and specialists, hierarchical organisation, functioning through set of rules and procedures and non-political, non-committed at work. There is a change in post independent India -bureaucracy seeking to perform duties in the development and modernisation of the country, and in the process has moved towards committing itself to the political chiefs.

To implement the programme and policies of the political leadership effectively, bureaucracy, as in India and elsewhere in the developing societies, has to adjust itself and be responsive to the new tasks and challenges. In addition to the administrative functions like policing and revenue collection, bureaucracy is moving towards developmental administration. The concept of welfare state and developmental administration has radically transformed the nature of administration, bureaucrat who is no more the lord,but a public servant.

The significant changes happening around since 1990 have led to a change in the role of bureaucracy. The state now is withdrawing to give enterprise a larger share in economic activities. Bureaucracy is now becoming highly technocratic and highly professional. The state and bureaucracy are no more nanny.
Answer question nos. 69-76 based on the passage above.

69. What has made the bureaucrat a public servant than the lord?

A. Political leadership

B. Political commitment

C. Welfare state and development administration

D. Policing and revenue collection

70. Bureaucracy in Weberian model has to be 'non committed at means

A. Bureaucracy is not committed at work

B. Bureaucracy has to be politically non-committal

C. Bureaucracy has to be committed to political leaders

D. Bureaucracy has not to be committed to people

71. Why has moved towards committing itself to the political chiefs in the post independent India?

A. To implement personal policies of leaders

B. To perform duties in the development and modernisation of the country

C. To adjust itself

D. None of the above

72. Bureaucracy in India after independence is devised on the model of

A. Werner

B. Weber

C. Wilson

D. Frederich

73. Whatis the presentfeature ofIndianbureaucracyaccording to this passage?

A. Weberian

B. Bureaucratic and professional

C. Weberian and professional

D. Technocratic and professional

74. Significant changes happened since 1990 in the role of bureaucracy due to:

A. Welfare activities of the state

B. New developmental programmes of political leaders

C. Modernisation of the country

D. Withdrawal of the state from various economic activities

75. State and bureaucracy is no more nanny means:

A. Itis not professional

B. It is not development oriented

C. It is all encompassing

D. It is not all encompassing

76. What are the new tasks and challenges of Indian bureaucracy after Independence?

A. To implement developmental and modernisation policies effectively

B. Policing and revenue collection

C. Committing itself to political chiefs

D. None of the above

Passage 3

History, however, does not progress merely on the lines prescribed by those who were involved in crafting the present. It would not move in the same manner that the rulers liked to move. In the case of India under the British rule a group of people emerged who by virtue of their exposure to concepts such as liberty, equality and fraternity, began dreaming of constructing in India a mirror image of the society and the socia-economic set-up that prevailed in the West in their times. The rise of the new order in Europe on the ruins of the feudal set-up and the notion of modernity influenced the thought process of the English-educated intelligentsia in India at that time. Raja Rammohun Roy was such a leader. He was not alone. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Akshay Kumar Dutt in Bengal, the Aligarh Movement of which Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a leading light, the powerful tradition of social reforms pioneered by Mahadev Govind Ranade in Maharashtra was developed into a powerful tradition of few steps forward. In South India it was Sri Narayana Guru whose campaign for reforms laid the foundation for substantive changes in the socio-economic set-up that prevailed in his region. All these reformers had a sense of purpose. The social relations and the customs that guided the social1ife at that time, in their perception, were bound to stop the progress of India. Their vision for progress was also guided by the perception that the British officers were committed to carve out in India a mirror image of the society of England. This led them to look at the Company's officers as potential collaborators. Rammohun Roy found more than a mere collaborator in Lord William Bentinck and Vidyasagar found tremendous support from the government in his campaign against child marriage.

Itwas not as if the nineteenth-century reformers were anti-religion. Rammohun Roy was not contemptuous of religion as such. His approach was that religious practices based on scriptures and rituals were a hindrance to progress. Vidyasagar similarly based his campaign on the premise that there was nothing in the scriptures that legitimized child marriage. Syed Ahmed Khan was also of the view that if Islam did not keep pace with changing times, it would get fossilized. In other words, the force behind the nineteenth century reformers was that of universalism. This perception, hence, was that it was possible to construct a social set-up in India similar to the one that came into existence in Europe after industrial revolution.

Unlike the aforesaid social reformers who perceived British rule in India as an opportunity to lead the society into modernity and hence supported the East India Company and its rule, the intellectuals who emerged on the scene towards the end of nineteenth century were able to place self-rule as a precondition for India's passage to modernity. In their perception, the march towards modernity was not just a social agenda. They were clear that the transition in the society would be possible only in the event of a transformation in the economy. They considered India's development into a capitalist society as a necessary precondition to the building of a liberal social order. This indeed laid the foundation for the emergence of nationalist thought in India. Dadabhai Naoroji was a pioneer in this group. His drain theory of wealth of India demonstrated the deleterious impact of British rule on Indian economy. This group of intellectuals and their successors raised demands for self rule which strengthened the national movement in twentieth century in India.

(Source: V. Krishna Ananth. 2011. India since Independence: Making Sense ofIndian Politics.
New Delhi: Pearson).

Answer question nos. 77-84 based on the passage above.

77. Ishwar Chandra. Vidyasagar fought against

A. Aligarh Movement

B. Sati

C. Child marriage

D. None of the above

78. Mahadev Govind Ranade was a social reformer from

A. Kerala

B. Bengal

C. South India

D. Maharashtra

79. What does the passage say about the course of history?

A. History moves as the rulers wish

B. History moved as the British rulers wished

C. History moved in a linear way.

D. History does not progress as the rulers wish

80. According to this passage, what was the idea that inspired the first group of social reformers?

A. British rule will bring about social reform

B. Universalism

C. India can build up a society similar to that in Europe

D. All of the above

81. According to the passage, who was the pioneer of a new thought on social· reform in India towards the end of nineteenth century?

A. Syed Ahmed Khan

B. Sri Narayana guru

C. Dadabhai Naoroji

D. Akshay Kumar Dutt

82. In his social reforms Rammohun Roy was in collaboration with

A. Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar

B. William Bentinck

C. Mahadev Govind Ranade

D. Syed Ahmed Khan

83. As stated in the passage who, among the following, considered India's development into a capitalist society as necessary to bring about a liberal order?

A. Sri Narayana Guru

B. Rammohun Roy

C. Wiliam Bentinck

D. Dadabhai Naoroji

84. Mter reading the passage, which of the following statement do you think is correct?

A. British rulers came to India to bring progress

B. Rammohun Roy was contemptuous of religion

C. Syed Ahmed Khan did not welcome a reform in Islam in accordance with the need of the time

D. The demand for self-rule in India was strengthened from the beginning of nineteenth century


Passage 4

Indeed, it was not until the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of Cold War that India's foreign policy would undergo a fundamental shift and acquire renewed relevance. Once again, personal, national and systemic factors induced these changes in its foreign policy. There is little question that PM Narasimha Rao, who had assumed the premiership in the aftermath of PM Rajiv Gandhi's assassination, recognized the need for a drastic re-appraisal of India's foreign policy goals and aspirations. Ironically, national circumstances and systemic forces also induced him to make these changes. Nationally, the country was faced with an unprecedented financial crisis and piecemeal efforts to resolve it would not enable it to address its underlying causes. Systemic forces also induced India to chart a new course. The Soviet collapse meant that India could no longer rely on the support and protection of a veto-wielding superpower. Nor could it count on the principal successor state, Russia, to continue to contain the growth of China's military prowess and possible future revanchism.

The transformation of India's foreign policy was nothing short of dramatic. The country dropped its reflexive, neuralgic hostility towards the US, upgraded its diplomatic ties with Israel, continued cautious attempts to improve its relations with PRC, and made a major effort to court the countries of SoutheastAsia. These shifts in foreign policy orientation also led India to all but· abandon its professed commitment to universal nuclear disarmament. Once again, personal, national, and systemic factors played critical roles in driving India down the. path of acquiring an overt nuclear capability. At personal level, PM Rajiv Gandhi, and subsequently PM Narasimha Rao, had become increasingly convinced that Pakistan's growing nuclear capabilities posed a threat to India. Furthermore, the successful unconditional and indefinite extension of the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty made even the most ardent exponents of nuclear disarmament in India realize that the nuclear weapon states had little or no· interest in containing their own nuclear arsenals, let alone undertake serious steps towards universal nuclear disarmament. Not surprisingly, the country chose to cross the nuclear Rubicon in May 1998. Despite initial and widespread disapprobation from the US and many of the other great powers, India was grudgingly accepted as a de facto nuclear weapon state. More to the point, under the second George W. Bush administration, India successfully negotiated a civilian nuclear deal with the US which effectively enabled it to participate in global nuclear commerce under aegis of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards (Source: Sumit Ganguly. 2010. India's Foreign PoliCt): Retrospect and Prospect. New York: Oxford University Press, p.4)
Answer question nos. 85-92 based on the passage above.


85. Which of the following titles would be suitable for this passage?

A. India's Foreign and Nuclear Policy after the Cold War

B. India' Nuclear Policy during Cold War

C. India's Financial Crisis after the Cold War

D. India's Defense Policy in the Post Cold-War Period

86. What according to the author of the passage, prompted the Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to refashion India's foreign Policy?

A. Personal factors

B. National factors

C. Systemic factors

D. All the above

87. According to the author of the passage, which of the following developments occurred in Indo-US ties after the Cold War?

A. Improvement in ties

B. Worsening of ties

C. Remained same

D. Cannot say

88. What does the term 'nuclear rubicon' mean in the context of this passage?

A. India' acquisition of Nuclear material from abroad

B. India I s acquisition of civilian nuclear technologies

C. India becoming a nuclear weapon state

D. India abandoning Nuclear programmes

89. What are the changes in India's foreign policy after the end of Cold War?

A. Improved ties with some key countries .

B. Abandoned its ties with its former allies

C. Remained same

D. Lack of interest in global institutions

90. Nuclear weaponisation made India a

A. Formal Nuclear Weapon State

B. Semi Nuclear Weapons State

C. An Informal Nuclear Weapon State

D. None of the above

91. What does the term 'systemic' mean in the context of this passage?

A. Domestic developments

B. International developments

C. A combination of domestic and international developments

D. Leaders attitude and behavior

92. The core theme of this passage is

A. The personality traits of former Prime Ministers of India

B. India and Global Disarmament

C. World powers and Nuclear weapons

D. Changing trends in India's external relations and nuclearisation




Passage 5

The stability of any given democracy depends not only on economic development but also upon the effectiveness and. the legitimacy of its political system. Effectiveness means actual performance, the extent to which the system satisfies the basic functions of government as most of the population and such powerful groups within it as big business or the armed forces see them. Legitimacy involves the capacity of the system to engender and maintain the belief that the existing political institutions are the most appropriate ones for the society. The extent to which contemporary democratic political systems are legitimate depends in large measure upon the ways in which the key issues which have historically divided the society have been resolved.

While effectiveness is primarily instrumental, legitimacy is evaluative. Groups regard a political system as legitimate or illegitimate according to the way in which its values fit with theirs. Important segments of the German Army, civil service, and aristocratic classes rejected the Weimar Republic not because it was ineffective, but because its symbolism and basic values negated their own. Legitimacy, in and of itself, may be associated with many forms of political organization, including oppressive ones. Feudal societies, before the advent of industrialism, undoubtedly enjoyed the basic loyalty of most of their members. Crises of legitimacy are primarily a recent historical phenomenon, following the rise of sharp cleavages among groups which are able, because of mass communication, to organize around different values than those previously considered to be the only acceptable ones (Source: Seymour Martin Lipset. 1960. Political Man: The Social Basis ofPolitics. New York: Doubleday and Company Inc., pp. 77-78). Answer question nos. 93-100 based on the passage above.

93. Stability of a democracy depends on

A. Economic development

B. Effectiveness of its political system

C. Legitimacy of its political system

D. All the above

94. Effectiveness of a political system has to do with

A. Changes in the sociO-political structure

B. Functions of the government at the district level

C. The performance of the basic functions of government

D. The administrative relations between the centre and the state

95. The political system attempts to build a belief that the existing political institutions

A. Lack legitimacy and thus should be reworked

B. Are to be changed frequently for the benefit of society

C. Are right and the most workable ones for society

D. Are to be overlooked while taking political decisions

96. Legitimacy of a political system depends upon

A. Personal choices in a social system

B. Resolution of key issues that have caused divisions

C. Solving of problematic border disputes

D. Solving of key issues that have plagued relations between states

97. The Weimar Republic was rejected by prominent segments of German society because

A. Its basic values did not fit theirs

B· It was ineffective in performing the basic functions of government

C. They wanted values for all segments of society

D. Its basic values matched theirs

98. An oppressive political organisation

A. Is never legitimate

B. Is always effective

C. Can be legitimate

D. Is never effective

99. Crisis of legitimacy is associated with

A. Social cleavages

B. Climate change

C. Social harmony

D. Economic development

100. Groups in recent times have organised around

A. Non-acceptable values

B. Different and new values

C. Weak values

D. Only historically established values