The civilization India has evolved is not to be beaten in the world. Nothing can equal the seeds sown by our ancestors. Rome went, Greece shared the same fate; the might of the Pharaohs was broken; Japan has become westernized; of China nothing can be said; but India is still, somehow or other, sound at the foundation. The people of Europe learn their lessons from the writings of the men of Greece or Rome, which exist no longer in their former glory. In trying to learn from them, the Europeans imagine that they will avoid the mistakes of Greece and Rome. Such is their pitiable condition. In the midst of all this India remains immovable and that is her glory. It is a charge against India that her people are so uncivilized, ignorant and stolid, that it is not possible to induce them to adopt any changes. It is a charge really against our merit. What we have tested and found true on the anvil of experience, we dare not change. Many thrust their advice upon India, and she remains steady. This is her beauty: it is the sheet-anchor of our hope.
Civilization is that mode of conduct which points out to man the path of duty. Performance of duty and observance of morality are convertible terms. To observe morality is to attain mastery over our mind and our passions. So doing, we know ourselves. The Gujarati equivalent for civilization means "good conduct."
If this definition be correct, then India, as so many writers have shown, has nothing to learn from anybody else, and this is as it should be. We notice that the mind is a restless bird; the more it gets the more it wants, and still remains unsatisfied. The more we indulge our passions the more unbridled they become. Our ancestors, therefore, set a limit to our indulgences. They saw that happiness was largely a mental condition. A man is not necessarily happy because he is rich, or unhappy because he is poor. The rich are often seen to be unhappy, the poor to be happy. Millions will always remain poor. Observing all this, our ancestors dissuaded us from luxuries and pleasures. We have managed with the same kind of plough as existed thousands of years ago. We have retained the same kind of cottages that we had in former times and our indigenous eduction remains the same as before. We have had no system of life-corroding competition. Each followed his own occupation or trade and charged a regulation wage. It was not that we did not know how to invent machinery, but our fore-fathers knew that, if we set our hearts after such things, we would become slaves and lose our moral fibre. They, therefore, after due deliberation decided that we should only do what we could with our hands and feet. They saw that our real happiness and health consisted in a proper use of our hands and feet. They further reasoned that large cities were a snare and a useless encumbrance and that people would not be happy in them, that there would be gangs of thieves and robbers, prostitution and vice flourishing in them and that poor men would be robbed by rich men. They were, therefore, satisfied with small villages. They saw that kings and their swords were inferior to the sword of ethics, and they, therefore, held the sovereigns of the earth to be inferior to the Rishis and the Fakirs. A nation with a constitution like this is fitter to teach others than to learn from others. This nation had courts, lawyers and doctors, but they were all within bounds. Everybody knew that these professions were not particularly superior; moreover, these vakils and vaids5 did not rob people; they were considered people's dependents, not their masters.


Answer the following questions

1. What, according to the author is true civilization

2. What is the attitude of the author towards, courts, lawyers and doctors

3. What is the attitude of the author towards change

4. What is the real test of Happiness

5. What according to the author is the role of ethics

6. Explain Locke's view on property.

7. Explain "Justice as fairness" (Rawls)
8. Explain the Marxian concept of surplus value.

9. What were the origins of genuine non-alignment

10. Collective security is a mirage. Explain the statement.

11. Explain India's 'Look East' policy.
12. What is administrative culture

13. Distinguish between formal and informal

14. What are the main function of planing commission

15. What do you understand by cabinet dictatorship

16. What is Mandamus

17. Mention the functions of state finance Commission

18. Distinguish between power and authority

19. What is Pocket

20. What is the Senatorial courtesy

21. J.S. Mill is considerd an "Aristocratic demoerat". Explain this statement.

22. Compare the British Minister with the American President

23. Coalition Politics has undermined the authority of the Indian prime minister Comment on this statement

24. Write a short note critique of weberian theory of bureaucracy

25. How does political change in Nepal affect India's relationship with that Country Discuss

26. Discuss the concept of freedom in The political Philosphy of Aurbindo and Gandhi
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Discuss the emergence of social and political elites in India

Discuss the Changes in the Functioning of the federal system in India

Discuss the nature and extent of Legislative and Judicial Control over public Administartion in India

Explain the dilemmas of India's forigen policy with her neighbours