Gandhi distinguishes between absolute truth which is universal and infinite and
relative truth. Absolute truth exists beyond space and time and as we have seen, is
identified with God. But with given space and time, absolute truth is only an ideal like
the straight line of geometry. Thus Gandhi admitted, "It is impossible for us to realize
perfect truth so long as we are imprisoned in this mortal frame. We can only visualize
it in our imagination. We cannot, through the instrumentality of this ephemeral body,
see face to face truth which is external." Moreover, "Seeing that the human mind
works through innumerable media and that the evolution of the human mind is not
same for all, it follows that what may be truth for one may be untruth for another …."
Thus what is known and available to us the mortal beings, is only relative truth and
therefore what is known to us cannot be really claimed as absolute. The truth that is
known to us is relative and by this what Gandhi appears to mean is that it is subjective
and that is 'Truth in fragments'. What he emphasises is that this relativity or
subjectivity of truth should sober down the individuals and that they should make no
attempt to impose their conception of truth upon other individuals or the society as a
whole, since the truth known to them is only a partial truth. Moreover, relativity of
truth also requires mutual toleration and compromise. They, in fact, are the essence of
truth. It is only with the help of these virtues and with the help of a certain amount of
moral discipline that one can arrive at objective truth. Gandhi accepts senseperception
and reason as important sources of knowledge. They are not, however, the
only means of acquiring knowledge. Intuition is for Gandhi one of the most important
and even superior means of acquiring knowledge. The acknowledged superiority of
this method to sense-perception and logical reasoning introduces super-natural
elements in Gandhi. There is a very thin line between superstition and intuition and
one is treading a very dangerous path when he enters the realm of intuition. Even then
this thin line is well maintained by Gandhi. He puts various conditions and limitations
on the use of intuition only to make it practical and danger proof. Thus he believed,
"Just as for conducting scientific experiments there is an indispensable scientific
course of instruction, in the same way strict preliminary discipline is necessary to
qualify a person to make experiments in the spiritual realm. Everyone should,
therefore, realize his limitations before he speaks of his inner voice. Therefore, we
have the belief based upon experience, that those who would make individual search
after truth as God, must go through several vows, as for instance, the vow of truth, the
vow of brahmacharya (purity) the vow of non-violence, of poverty and nonpossession.
Unless you impose on yourselves the five vows, you may not embark on
the experiment at all. There are several other conditions prescribed….." It is again,
because of the dangerous character of the relative concept of truth that Gandhi
emphasizes that there is one and only one method of insisting on truth and that this is
the method of ahimsa or non-violence.

1. What is the difference between Absolute Truth and Relative Truth

2. How are Truth and Non-violence related

3. What are the sources of knowledge

4. What are the limitations of Relative Truth

5. What is the relationship between Truth and God

6. "Virtue is knowledge" (Plato). Explain.
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D-0209 9 P.T.O.
7. Explain Rousseau's 'Paradox of Freedom'.
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úÖ 'þ֟Ö-¡ÖŸÖÖ
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8. Explain Aurobindo's spiritual nationalism.
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ú ¸üÖ™ÒüßµÖŸÖÖ
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D-0209 10
9. What do you understand by Hegemonism in international politics
†ÓŸÖ¸üÖÔ™ÒüßµÖ ¸üÖ•Ö-Öß×ŸÖ ´Öë †Ö׬֯֟µÖ¾ÖÖ¤ü ÃÖê †Ö¯Ö OEµÖÖ ÃÖ´Ö—ÖŸÖê Æïü











10. The primacy of the UN Security Council lies in 'Veto Power' of its permanent
members. Explain.
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úÖ¸ü ´Öë ÛÃ£ÖŸÖ Æîü … ¾µÖÖµÖÖ
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D-0209 11 P.T.O.
11. Explain the concept of 'Glasnost'.

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12. Mention the basic principles of New Public Administration.
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D-0209 12
13. Explain the concept of 'Span of Control' as an organization principle.
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14. What is Ombudsman
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D-0209 13 P.T.O.
15. Distinguish between trust vote and vote of no-confidence.
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16. What is mid-term election
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D-0209 14
17. What do you understand by "bargaining federalism"
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18. How does direct democracy operate in Switzerland
Ûþ֙Ëü•Ö̸ü»Öï›ü ´Öë ¯ÖÏŸµÖ.Ö ×
úÃÖ ¯ÖÏ
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D-0209 15 P.T.O.
19. What is the meaning of Rule of Law
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20. What are the components of political culture
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D-0209 16
SECTION III
ÖÓ›ü III
This section contains five questions of twelve marks each. Each question is to be
answered in about 200 words. × 12 60 Marks)
‡ÃÖ ÖÓ›ü ´Öë ²ÖÖ¸üÆü-²ÖÖ¸üÆü †Ó
úÖë
êú ¯ÖÖÑ"Ö ¯ÖÏ¿-Ö Æïü … ¯ÖÏŸµÖê
ú ¯ÖÏ¿-Ö
úÖ ˆ¢Ö¸ü ¤üÖê ÃÖÖî ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë
†¯Öê×.ÖŸÖ Æîü … × 12 60 †Ó#ú)
21. Examine the relevance of Marxism in the era of globalization.
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êú µÖã$Ö ´Öë ´ÖÖOEÃÖÔ¾ÖÖ¤ü
úß ¯ÖÏÖÃÖÓ×$Ö
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úß ¯Ö¸üß.ÖÖ
úßו֋ …
22. Compare the political culture of developed and developing countries.
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23. Discuss the increasing importance of State Politics in India.
³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ ´Öë ¸üÖ•µÖÖë
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úß ×¾Ö¾Öê"Ö-ÖÖ
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24. The functioning of Panchayati Raj System in India has led to empowerment of elected
local functionaries than decentralisation. Comment.
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25. What are the measures of conflict resolution adopted in contemporary world politics
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D-0209 17 P.T.O.






























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D-0209 20






























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D-0209 26
SECTION IV
ÖÓ›ü IV
This section consists of one essay type question of forty marks to be answered in about
one thousand (1000) words on any one of the following topics. × 40 40 Marks)
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ú "ÖÖ»ÖßÃÖ †Ó
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êú¾Ö»Ö ‹#ú
‹#ú Æü•ÖÖ¸ü (1000) ¿Ö²¤üÖë ´Öë †¯Öê×.ÖŸÖ Æîü … × 40 40 †Ó#ú)
26. Discuss the role of ideology in political theory.
¸üÖ•Ö-ÖîןÖ
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Discuss Karl Deutsch's Theory of Communication. How suitable is it for the analysis
of a political system

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Discuss the evolution and experience of Coalition Politics in India
³ÖÖ¸üŸÖ ´Öë
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Discuss the impact of liberalization on Public Administration in India in recent times.
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Is India seeking legitimacy to its nuclear weapon state status through India-US
nuclear deal Discuss.
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D-0209 27 P.T.O.