l.
An 820 ohms resistance with an accuracy of ± 10% carries a current of 10 mA. The current was measured by an analog meter of 25 mA range with an accuracy of ± of full scale. Compute the power dissipated in the resistor and determine the accuracy of the result.
Two sub-stations are connected by two lines in parallel with negligible impedance, but each containing a tap-changing transformer of reactance 0.18 p.u. on the basis of its rating of 200 MVA Find the net absorption of reactive power when the transformer taps are set to 1 11 and 1 0.9 respectively. Assume p.u. voltages to be equal at the two ends and also at the sub-stations.
Compare memory mapped I/O (Input/Output) with peripheral mapped I/O for 8085 microprocessor.
What do you mean by aliasing How can aliasing be removed State and explain Shannon's sampling theorem.


The open loop transfer function of a unity negative feedback control system is given by
6s 25)
For what value of will the system work as an oscillator in its closed loop form
IdentifY the relevant layers of the ISO/OSI model to which the following protocols belong:
SQL, HTI'PS, ISDN, PPP, NFS, IP, RPC, TELNET, HDLC,
X Windows

2.

"Figure shows the block diagram of a control system. Find its characteristic equation.
Calculate its damping factor and undamped natural frequency for 10.
What should be the value of K for critical damping?
For K 10, find the expression for and obtain the time at which the first overshoot occurs. Also calculate the peak overshoot magnitude. .

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A system consists of two plants connected by a transmission line and a load at power plant 2 as shown in Figure Data for the loss equation consists of the information that 200 MW transmitted from plant 1 to the load results in a transmission loss of 20 MW: Find the optimum generation schedule considering transmission losses to supply a load of 204·41 MW. Also evaluate the amount of financial loss that may be incurred if at the time of scheduling transmission losses are not . co-ordinated. Assume that the incremental fuel cost characteristics of plant 1 and plant 2 are given by

dF1/dPG1 0.025PG1 14 RS/MWh
dF2/dPG2 0.05PG2 16 RS/MWh

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Describe the principle of numerical protection. How is this method of protection different from conventional methods?

3.
Consider a control system with characteristic equation s (s2 2s K =0. Draw complete root loci labelling all important values. Find the angles of asymptotes and the intercept of asymptotes.

A three-phase generator rated 11 kV, 20 MVA has a solidly grounded neutral. Its positive, negative and zero sequence reactances are 25% and 15% respectively.
Calculate the value of reactance that should be placed in the generator neutral such that the current for single line-to-ground fault does not exceed the rated current.
What value of the resistance in the neutral will serve the same purpose?
What are the different methods of testing of circuit breakers Discuss their merits and demerits. Which method is more suitable for testing the circuit breakers of large capacity?


4.
Show that the maximum non-linearity on account of loading of a linear potentiometer can be expressed as
400Rp/27Rm of f.s.d for Rp/Rm

Write down the purpose of each bit in SIM (Set Interrupt Mark) instruction. Give three different functions of SIM instruction.


Discuss the concept of 'Hamming distance'. How is the minimum Hamming distance between a set of code words related to the error detection and error correction properties of the code?
Find the correct 4-bit messages from the following two Hamming codes, assuming at most a single error has occurred:
C1 0110101
C2 =1011001
Explain Delta Modulation, comparing it with Differential Pulse Code Modulation. Discuss how the choice of step size in Delta modulator affects slope overload distortion and granular noise.

5.

Explain with proper transfer function a standard PID controller.Explain why derivative term is not employed alone.
The open loop transfer function of a system is given by It is desired to locate the poles of this transfer function at and ± 4j by using a suitable PID controller. Find the suitable gains needed by the PID controller to achieve this task.
Form and matrices used in Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) for the power system shown in Figure and line data given in Table I.

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Bus Code Impedance(zij) Half line charging
(in p.u.) Admittance (in p.u)
1-2 (0.02 j 0.04) j 0.020
2-3 (0.04 j 0.20) j 0·020
3-5 (0.15 j 0·40) j 0·025
3-4 (0.02 j 0.06) j 0·010
4-5 (0·02 j 0.04) j 0·010
1-5 (0.08 j 0·20) j 0·020


Write down the ALP (Assembly Language Program) to exchange 10H data bytes stored from memory location 2450H with data bytes stored from memory locations 2480H onwards.
A circuit breaker interrupts the magnetising current of a 100 MVA transformer at 220 kV. The magnetising current of the transformer is of the full load current. Determine the maximum voltage which may appear across the gap of the breaker when the magnetising current is interrupted at 53% of its peak value. The stray capacitance is 2500 IJF and the inductance is 30 H.

An accelerometer has an input range of 0 -100 m/s2. It has a mass of 10 g and works on a frequency of 10 Hz. Find the range for the displacement transducer used to measure the displacement of the accelerometer.


1. State and explain Nyquist criterion.
2. An information signal 5 cos (2000)pi t cos(5000)pi t is sampled. Calculate the minimum sampling rate that will be needed to recover the signal back from its samples.

6.
With the help of a neat diagram, explain the functioning of a Ramp type Analog-to-Digital Converter. A Ramp type ADC makes use of a 1 MHz clock generator and a ramp voltage that increases from 0 1·25 V in
125 ms. Find the number of clock pulses counted into the register for an input of 0.75 V.


With the help of a neat diagram, explain the working of an LVDT. Give its characteristics, advantages and applications. Explain the role of phase sensitive detector used for signal conditioning of LVDT.
An LVDT is connected to a 10 V voltmeter through an amplifier of gain 100. An output of 2 mV appears across the terminals of the LVDT when the core crosses a distance of 0.5 mm. Find the sensitivity of the LVDT and that of the whole set-up. The used voltmeter has 100 divisions and 1/5th of a division can be read
accurately. Find the resolution of the instrument in


Show that the cyclic codes generated by the two polynomials
p3 p2 and
p3 P 1
are equivalent. Find the codes for the four messages:
(1101)
Discuss and differentiate between ISO/OSI and TCP/IP. Explain how the functions of each of the seven layers of ISO/OSI are carried out by TCP/IP.

7.
A 500 Hz triangular wave with a peak amplitude of 40 V is applied to the vertical .deflecting plates of a CRO having a vertical deflection sensitivity of 0.1 cm/V. Another 250 Hz sawtooth wave of 50 V is applied to the horizontal plates having a horizontal deflection sensitivity of 0·08 cm/V. Assuming the two inputs are synchronized, sketch the waveform displayed on the CRO.

Assume that the accumulator contains data byte 82H and the instruction MOV A is fetched. List the steps in decoding and executing the instruction.
Describe the function of each of the following mnemonics. How many cycles do each of them require for execution and which are the flags affected Explain.
1. DAD (Double Add)

2. CMC (Complement Carry)

3. LHLD (Load H-L Register Pair Direct)

4. ORI (OR Immediate)

Eight messages are generated by a source with the following probabilities:
Message mo ml m2 m3 m4 m5 m6 m7
Probability 0·02 0·04 0·07 0·10 0·13 0·18 0·22 0.24


Use Huffman scheme to code these messages.
Explain and illustrate the prefix property of the code.
Determine the average number of bits per message with the Huffman coding, and with uniform coding assuming the messages to be equiprobable. Also find the information content (entropy) in the message and hence efficiency of the Huffman coding.

8.

Explain the following terms in reference to performance indices in a control system:

1. Rise time

2. Integral square error

3. Integral of time multiplied square error

4. Integral absolute error

5. Integral of time multiplied absolute error

Consider the system described by

X1 x1 1 x1
y
X2 3 x2 1 x2

Obtain the transfer function of the system.
Discuss the operating principle of SF6 circuit breaker. What are its advantages over other types of circuit breakers In practice, for what voltage range is it recommended?
What is Load Flow solution? What do you understand by Adjustable Load Flow, and
Unadjustable Load Flow Which method will provide the accurate solution?