What do you understand by 'Soil Exploration' Why is it necessary in Civil Engineering projects Mention the limitations of site investigations.
How is a soil exploration report prepared Explain with a typical bore log sheet.

2.(a) Derive the equation suggested by IS-Code for the calculation of Bearing Capacity.
How is bearing capacity influenced by the presence of water table? Explain.

3.(a) When are combined footings preferred? Explain.
Two columns are loaded as shown in Figure 1. Determine the dimensions of combined footing to carry the column loads.

Dimensions of columns

A 45 cm x 45 cm

B 50 cm x 50 cm
<img src='./qimages/9563-3b.jpg'>

4. A 2 m wide strip footing is to be constructed in a sandy stratum 2 m thick. The depth of footing is 1 m below the ground level. The sand layer is underlain by 1 m thick clay stratum. The clay overlays a bed of dense sand. The water table is at the top of the clay stratum. The submerged unit weight of clay is 8 kN/m^3 and bulk unit weight of clay is 20 kN/m^3. The footing is expected to carry a load intensity of 230 kN/m^2. Compute the ultimate settlement. Assume voids ratio at 44 kN/m^2 1·96 and at 195 kN/m^2 1·01, respectively.

Given the following data:
<img src='./qimages/9563-4.jpg'>

5.(a) Explain the state of stress in active and passive states in the backfill behind a retaining wall.
Differentiate between counterfort and buttress type of retaining walls.

6. A six-pile cluster with 40 cm diameter with centre-to-centre spacing of 105 cm as shown in Figure is driven into a deep deposit of clay. The unconfined compression strength of the clay is 90 kN/m^2. The length of pile is 21 m. Calculate the carrying capacity. <img src='./qimages/9563-6.jpg'>

7. Explain the following tests to determine the dynamic soil properties: Seismic Cone Penetration Test Block Resonance Test

8. Write short notes on the following: Construction Techniques in Expansive Soils Classification of Piles based on Method of Installation Allowable Bearing Pressure Reinforced Earth Walls