The following table gives the activities in a construction project and other relevant information
Activity Duration
1-2 20
1-3 25
2-3 10
2-4 12
3-4 6
4-5 10 Draw the network of the project.

(ii) Find the critical path.

(iii) Find free float, total float and independent float for each activity.

1.(b) What do you mean by cement mortar? Explain the theory of proportioning of cement mortar and also explain the relation between solidity and strength of cement mortar.
Explain remote sensing method of surveying. List the various uses of IRS data.

(ii) Explain the principles of triangulation.Write the factors to be considered for the selection of base line for triangulation.

1.(d) What are the requirements for an ideal rail section Explain with a neat sketch ,standard flat-footed broad-guage rail section of 60 kg type Mark approximate dimensions of each part.

1.(e) Discuss the importance for drainage in highways.Describe the surface and subsurface drainage arrangements for a national highway in coastal area.

1.(e) List the factors affecting the design of a rotary intersection.

2.(a) Differentiate between the following:

(i) CPM and PERT

(ii) Float and slack

(iii) Direct cost and Indirect cost

(iv) Total float and Independent float

(b) Explain the objects of plastering and pointing.Discuss the various types of pointing with the help of neat sketches

(c) List down the factors which affect the section of a construction equipment.How will you determine the economic life of an equipment? Explain with the help of suitable examples.

3.(a) Explain the term 'specification' with reference to civil construction. What are the various objectives of specification? Prepare a detailed specification of reinforced cement concrete.
Describe the characteristics of contours. The areas within contour lines at the site of a reservoir and the face of a proposed dam are as follows
Contour (in Area (in
441 270
444 10440
447 75600
450 144000
453 270000
456 414500
459 460800
462 586800
465 639900

Assuming 441 m as the bottom level of the reservoir and 465 m as the water level, find the volume of water in the reservoir in cubic metres.

(c)(i) List the advantages and disadvantages of concrete sleepers. Mention the requirements of an ideal sleeper.

(ii) Why are signals used in railway tracks? Draw the neat sketch of a semaphore signal and write the names of the different parts.

(d)(i) What are the objects of geometric design of highway? What are the different elements which need consideration while designing a highway?

(ii) While aligning a highway in a built-up area, it was necessary to provide a horizontal circular curve of radius 325 m. Design the following geometric features:
Superelevation Extra widening of pavement Length of transition curve

Data available are
Design speed 65 kmph
Length of wheelbase of the largest truck 6 m
Pavement width 10·5 m Describe in brief the various methods of proportioning concrete.

(ii) Differentiate between plain cement concrete and reinforced cement concrete. Why is reinforcement necessary? Discuss. A straight tunnel is to run between two points A and whose net coordinates are given in the table below
Point Independent coordinates
N E
A 0 0
B 3014 256
C 1764 1398

It is desired to sink a shaft at the middle point of AB, but it is impossible to measure along AB directly, so D is to be fixed from a third known point. Calculate-

(i) the net coordinates of

(ii) the length and bearing of CD;

(iii) the angle ACD, given that the whole circle bearing of AC is 38°24'.
Enumerate the different resistances which a locomotive has to overcome before hauling a train. A EG track locomotive having four pairs of driving wheels runs on a straight level track at a speed of 86 kmph. The maximum axle load is 28.5 tonnes.
Find the maximum permissible train load that can be pulled by the locomotive.

(ii) Also calculate the reduction in speed if the train climbs a gradient of 1 in 200.

(iii) If the train climbs a 1 in 200 gradient with a 3° curve, what would be the reduced speed of the train? Given, the coefficient of friction is 0·166. What are the points to be kept in mind while executing the work of mechanically stabilized soil highway? An NH passes through a rolling terrain having a horizontal curve of radius 600 m. Design the length of the transition curve and compute the shift using the following data: Design speed, v 80 kmph
Normal pavement width, W 7 m

(iii) Number of lanes, n 2
Wheelbase width, l 6 m
Allowable rate of superelevation 1 in 150
Allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration, C 0·507 Explain the mechanism of release of water into unconfined and confined aquifers. List the assumptions made in the derivation of flow equation in an aquifer.
A well with radius of 0·3 m is drilled in an unconfined aquifer. Initial water table is 30 m above the bed. Estimate the amount of water that can be pumped if the maximum drawdown is restricted to 8 m.
Assume:
Hydraulic conductivity 25 m/day
Radius of influence 300 m
Define permanent wilting point and field capacity. How is it useful in deciding the frequency of irrigation?

(ii) Determine the frequency of irrigation using the following data Consumptive use 2·8 mm/day Root zone depth 80 mm Irrigation efficiency 65% Available soil moisture 50% Also find the depth of water to be applied.
What is meant by 'design period' and 'population forecast'? Describe the 'incremental increase' method of future population forecast of a city, stating its advantages. It is required to supply water to a population of 80000 at a per capita demand of 150 L per day. Chlorine usage in the treatment is 5 kg/day. The residual chlorine after 10 minutes contact is 0·20 mg/l. Calculate the chlorine demand of the water.

(e)(i) Explain the impacts of improper disposal of solid wastes on human health and environment in general.

(ii) Discuss the composition of municipal solid waste Define hydrograph. With a neat sketch, explain any two methods of base-flow separation from a hydrograph.

(ii) Explain step by step how reservoir capacity is decided using a mass inflow

(iii) Distinguish between single-purpose reservoir and multi-purpose reservoir. Explain two important methods of allocation of water in a multi-purpose reservoir.

(b) Determine the design discharge of a canal with the following data
Crop Base period (Days) Area (hectares) Duty (hectares/ cumec)
Sugarcane 320 850 580
Overlap sugarcane in hot weather 90 120 580
Wheat (Rabi) 120 600 1600
Bajri (Monsoon) 120 500 2000
Vegetables (Hot weather) 120 360 600

Time factor of the canal 15/20
Capacity factor 0·75
Explain the modes of failure in gravity dam and earthen dam.

(iii) Write a note on reservoir sedimentation. Explain the function of a spillway. What are the advantages of an ogee spillway? Explain with a neat sketch.

(ii) Compute the discharge over an ogee spillway with the following data C 2-4 Head 2m Length 100 m Crest is 8 m above the bottom

(iii) Write a note on stilling basin and river training works.

7.(a) The classification of the surface on which the rain falls in a city is as follows

% of total surface area Type of surface Coefficient of runoff
20% Rooftop 0·90
20% Pavement 0·85
10% Paved yard 0·80
15% Macadam road 0.40
35% Lawns 0·10

Determine the coefficient of runoff of the area. If the total area of the city is 40 ha and the maximum rain intensity is taken as 6 cm/hr, what is the runoff for the city?

(b)(i)Discuss the significance of BOD/COD ratio in the treatment of wastewater.

(ii) Calculate 2-day 37°C BOD of a sewage sample, whose 5-day 20°C BOD is 150 mg/l. Assume kD at 20°C as 0·1.

(c)(i) What are the various stages in the sludge digestion process? Also discuss the factors affecting sludge digestion and their control.

(ii) Design an oxidation pond for treating sewage from a hot climatic residential colony with 6000 persons contributing sewage 150 L per capita per day. The 5-day BOD of sewage is 250 mg/l.
Define flood routing. Distinguish between hydraulic routing and hydrologic routing.

(ii) Briefly explain the basic concepts used in storage outflow routing and Muskingum routing.

(iii) Write a brief note on kinematic flood routing. Explain Lacey's regime theory. Define regime channel, initial regime and final regime.

(ii) Explain the steps involved to design a channel using Lacey's theory.

(iii) Compare Lacey's theory and Kennedy theory.

(c)(i) How do mining activities affect the environment? Discuss the environmental impact of mining in detail.

(ii) What are the various pollutants causing pollution of air? Discuss the sources and their effects on human health and environment in general.