1. What do you understand by a permanent way Write the requirements of an ideal permanent way. Draw a typical cross-section of a permanent way.

2. Illustrate the various types of rail failures with sketches.

Find out the expression for sleeper density for a BG. track, if 19 sleepers are used under a rail length.

Explain the functions of fish-plates and fish-bolts.

4. What is the ballast in permanent way? Mention the functions of ballast and state the requirements of a good ballast material.

5. If an 8° curve track diverges from a main curve of 5° in an opposite direction in the layout of a B.G. yard, calculate the superelevation and the speed on the branch line, if the maximum speed permitted on the main line is 45 kmph.

6. Calculate the shift and offsets at every 1·5 m of a transition curve. The transition curve of 90 m length is to be used to join the ends of a 4° circular curve within the straight and circular curve.

7. Draw a neat diagram of simple right or left hand turnout and show its various component parts.

8. What is meant by a level crossing? Explain with a neat sketch of a right-angle level crossing, the conditions to be satisfied by a class level crossing.

9. Why is the study of modern trends essential Describe some of the latest researches in Railway Engineering around the world.

10.(a) What are the main components of an airport Give a sketch of an airport layout.

Give the sketch of a floating dry dock and label its various components.