1. Differentiate between Francis and Kaplan turbines, using relevant sketches.

2. A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 56 m develops 10 MW. The hub diameter of the runner is 0·35 times the outer diameter. The speed ratio and flow ratio is 2·1 and 0·67, respectively. If the overall efficiency is find out the diameter of the runner and the speed of the turbine.

3. What do you understand by characteristic curves Explain, briefly, any two types of characteristic curves.

4. Describe, in detail, the classification of channels based on channel characteristics.

Write a short note on Pelton Turbines.

Calculate the specific energy and Froude number of water flowing in a rectangular channel of width 6 if it conveys 12 of water with a depth of flow of 1 m. Also find the minimum specific energy and critical depth.

6. Find the bed slope in channels of rectangular and triangular sections having top width 5 m and uniform depth of 2 if the discharge is 0·03 m^3/s. Take the value of Chezy's constant as 60.

7. Derive the conditions required for the most efficient rectangular section.

8. A rectangular section of width 5 m conveys water at the rate of 15 m^3/s. State whether hydraulic jump occurs, if the flow velocity is 5 m/s. If hydraulic jump occurs, what is its height and strength Estimate the flow velocity and Froude number after the jump and the loss of energy in the jump per kg of water. Also calculate the power dissipated in the jump.

9. Write short notes on the following:

Cavitation

Celerity of the gravity wave

Surge