1. Define Leukemia and Leukemoid reactions. Describe morphology of cells in acute myeloid leukemia.

2. What are indications of bone marrow examination? Describe various cells found in bone marrow especially myeloid and erythroid cells in various stages of formation. Mention M/E ratio and its importance.

3. Define and classify Thalassemia. Describe procedure of Alkali denaturation test for determination of HbF.

4. What is HLA Describe how HLA typing is done. Give its clinical importance.

5. What are abnormal haemoglobins Describe structural changes giving its clinical importance.

6. What is osmatic fragility? Describe the procedure of test and report. Write its clinical importance.

7. Write in brief any two of the following:

Anti haemophilic factor.

PAS staining

Role of non-specific esterase staining in bone marrow.

8. Fill in the blanks:

Alkali denaturation method detects haemoglobin

Pearls' reaction indicate presence of in bone marrow.

Positive L.B. Cells indicate presence of disease

HbA2 and HbF are major determinant for diagnosis of

In Pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis maintenance of is at a level of 2.5-3.

9. Answer True or False of the following:

PT; PTTK are basic tests to evaluate coagulation profile.

CRP, complement and ESR are essential test for diagnosis of autoimmune diseases.

In vitro sickling phenomenon is performed by using sodium nitroprusside as surfactant.

More than 50% count of myeloblast and promyelocyte in peripheral blood indicate bone marrow examination and immuno cytochemistry for confirmation of acute leukemia.

Decrease quantities of factor VIII and factor IX indicates purpura disorders.