1. Which of the following is not true for an odds ratio?

Odds ratio ranges from 0 to infinity

If odds ratio is less than one, the event is less likely to occur

If odds ratio is greater than one, the event is more likely to occur

Odds ratio ranges from infinity to infinity

2. Which of the following is a binomial distribution situation

Number of printing mistakes in a page of a book

Occurrence of head in the throw of a coin

Number of red cells in one ml of blood

Number of heads in a throw of 20 coins

3. In epidemiology, the mixing effect of the exposure under the study on the diseases with that of a third factor that is associated with exposure is

Bias

Unbias

Confounding

Mixing Bias

4. Select the odd one for a normal distribution.

Mean =Median =Mode

Area under standard normal curve is equal to one

It is mesokurtic

Area under normal curve is equal to one

5. Choose the measure which is based on every item of the observation.

Range

Quartile Deviation

Standard Deviation

Mode

6. The purpose of Phase-2 trials is to

Find a safe dosage

Compare the new agent or intervention

Determine whether the agent or intervention has an effect or not

Evaluate long-term safety and efficiency

7. A statistical measure based on the entire population is

Sample parameter

Statistics

Estimate

None of the above

8. Effect of exercising or omitting smoking is an example of

Agent studies

Chemoprevention studies

Action studies

None of the above

9. For computing sample size for clinical trial we need to specify the

Significance level

Power of the test

Standard Deviation of clinical parameter

All of the above

10. Which of the following statements is true with regard to intention to treat analysis?

Do not give an unbiased estimate of treatment effect

Estimate of treatment effect is generally not conservative

Retains balance in prognostic factor from the original allocation

None of the above

11. To increase the likelihood of obtaining significant result, we should have

Large difference between groups

Smaller standard error

Large sample size

All of the above

12. Interim analysis

Should always be done

Should never be done

Is called data dependent stopping

None of the above

13. Probability of correctly rejecting Null Hypothesis is

Alpha

Beta

Power

None of the above

14. Which one of the following actions will increase the power?

Increase Alpha

Increase Beta

Increase Sample Size

None of the above

15. GCP in clinical trials stands for

Good Common Practice

General Criteria for Patients

Good Clinical Practice

God Can Protect

16. An experiment compares a new drug against a standard drug. The patient should be allocated to either the new drug or the standard drug

Based on the response to treatment

Based on normality

By Randomization

All of the above

17. Statistical list is the probability of

Acceptance of Null Hypothesis when it is true

Rejecting the Null Hypothesis when it is true

Rejecting the Null Hypothesis when Alternate Hypothesis is true

Rejecting the Alternate Hypothesis when it is true

18. Research provides the information for

Irrational decision-making

Guessing the outcome

Rational decision-making

None of the above

19. In an experiment, blood pressure levels of 15 subjects were measured before and after a particular intervention. The probable statistical test is

t-test

Independent t-test

Paired t-test

Z-test

20. Select the odd one out of the following:

Signed Rank Test

Mann-Whitney U Test

t-test

Kruskal-Wallis Test

21. If multiple statistical tests are done on the same data, then

Type-I error decreases

Type-II error decreases

Type-I error increases

Type-II error increases

22. James Lind carried out the first controlled clinical trial on which of the following diseases?

Pellagra

Rickets

Scurvy

Angular cheilitis

23. Critical evaluation of a study requires all of the following except

Understanding of Study Design

Understanding of Analysis Methods

Ability to Reproduce the Study

Ability to Assess the Strength of Evidence

24. Pre-clinical Research refers to

Testing of new products before marketing

Testing of drug levels in patients to determine optimal dose

Development of potential new therapeutic modalities

Development of methods for evaluation of efficacy

25. If 400 persons are surveyed and 40 are found to have hypertension, then the survey has measured the

Disease frequency

Disease probability

Disease incidence

Disease prevalence

26. Incidence rates can be best calculated in

Case series

Case control studies

Cohort studies

Randomized controlled trials

27. A Case Control Study

May begin with exposure

Always begins with exposure

May begin with disease

Always begins with disease

28. Multiple outcomes are best studied in

Randomized Controlled Trial

Case Control Study

Cohort Study

None of the above

29. When the period of follow-up in a include

Survival Analysis

Proportional Hazards Model

Both the above

None of the above study varies, appropriate analytic techniques

30. All of the following are the advantages of a Cohort Study except

Ability to assess incidence

Ability to assess rare exposures

Ability to assess rare outcomes

Ability to study temporality between exposure and outcome

31. The process to assign patients without bias to different patient groups in a clinical trial is called

Allocation

Assignment

Randomization

Blinding

32. A phase-4 trial evaluates

Dosage

Delivery mechanisms

Short-term safety

Long-term safety

33. A trial can be stopped before the completion because of

Unacceptable side-effects

Fraud or misconduct

Treatment arm is convincingly different

All of the above

34. t-tests are most useful for which type of data?

Continuous

Ordinal

Nominal

Binary

35. Level of measurement for the variable temperature is

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

36. If the grading of anaemia is classified as mild, moderate and severe, the scale of measurement used is

Interval

Nominal

Ordinal

Ratio

37. The height of a student is 50 inches. This is an example of which of the following?

Qualitative data

Categorical data

Continuous data

Discrete data

38. Which of the following is not based on all the observations

Arithmetic Mean

Geometric Mean

Harmonic Mean

Mode

39. You asked 10 of your friends about their weights. On the basis of this information you stated that average weight of the group is 48 kg. This is an example of

Descriptive Statistics

Parameter

Inferential Statistics

Population

40. Which of the following is a measure based on every item of observation?

Mode

Range

Standard Deviation

Quartile Deviation

41. To test whether or not two population variances are equal, the appropriate distribution is

Z-distribution

Chi-square distribution

F-distribution

T-distribution with n1 n2 2 degrees of freedom

42. A larger sample size is required when

The population of interest for a study is less diverse"

A low level of precision is required

The population of interest is easily recruited to the study

High level of precision is required

43. A sample can be defined as a

Population of interest to a researcher

Quota from within the whole population

Subset of a population and representative of the population of interest to the researcher

Criterion used to define eligibility for the research study

44. A random sample is expected to approximate a normal distribution because

A small sample size is not an issue

There are equal numbers of below and above average cases

The sample will contain mainly average cases

The goal is to maximise the sampling error

45. An independent variable in a study

Can only be a single variable

Is an outcome that is determined by an unbiased observer

Cannot be determined by inclusion and exclusion criteria

Is a parameter that can be determined or manipulated at the outset

46. Which of the following is not included in the Bradford Hill criteria for assessing casuality?

Consistency

Temporality

Specificity

Sensitivity

47. A random error

Is not affected by sample size

Can be controlled by increasing accuracy

Can be corrected by adjusting for error in measurement

Is transient, inconsistent and cannot be corrected

48. Sources of variation in measurement may arise from

Instrument

Observer

Biological differences

All of the above

49. An example of an analytic study design is

Ecological

Case series

Cross-sectional

Case control

50. Appropriate graphical representation for the continuous data is

Bar Graph

Histogram

Line Chart

None of the above

Write short notes on any four of the following in about 200 -300 words each. Each carries five marks.

51. Measurement of Dispersion

52. Chi-Square Test

58. Graphical Presentation of Data

54. Probability Sampling

55. Types of Errors in Research Studies

56. Phases of Clinical Trials