1. What were the main contributions of Leibniz and Boole in the transition from classical to modern Logic? Explain.

OR

Provide a formal proof of validity for the following using 9 rules of inference and rules of replacement.

<br><br> <img src='./qimages/11443-1b.jpg'>

2. How do terms relate to classes? What is the importance of terms in Logic? Explain.

OR


Construct a formal proof of validity for the following arguments using conditional proof.
<img src='./qimages/11443-2b.jpg'>
3. Answer any two of the following in about 200 words each
Logic is not so much concerned with the truth of propositions but with the validity of arguments. Explain.
Construct a formal proof of validity for the following argument.

<br><br> <img src='./qimages/11443-3b.jpg'> Discuss any five types of informal fallacies. Discuss the distinction between formal and material Logic.

4. Answer any four of the following in about 150 words each:
Find the obverse of the following: All players are experts.
No musicians are novelists.

(iii) Some scholars are women
Some strangers are not foreigners.
Provide the definition of negation with example.
Provide the truth table for implication.

(d) Distinguish between sentence and proposition.
Explain Modus Ponens with an example.

(f) Describe the meaning of inverse variation.

5. Write short notes on any five of the following in about 100 words each Fallacy of 'undistributed middle'

(b) Mood

(c) Syllogism
Biconditional
Venn Diagram Stroke function Disjunction Existential Quantifier