Explain source coding. A discrete message source emits seven symbols m2, m3,...... m7} with probabilities {0·35, 0.3,. 0·2, 0.l 0.04, 0.005, 0.005} respectively. Give Hulfman codes for these symbols and calculate average· bits of information and average binary digits of information per symbol. Calculate code efficiency.


With the help of proper block diagram explain the basic elements of PCM system.

An Analog voltage signal whose highest significant frequency is 4 KHz is to be digitally encoded with a resolution of O·O 1 covering the voltage range of O 1 OV using PCM. In order to avoid loss in information and to maintain given resolution determine Minimum sampling rate Number of bits needed for encoded PCM.
A unity negative feedback control system has an open-loop transfer function consisting of two poles, two zeros and a variable gain K. The zeros are located at and and the poles at -0· l and +1. Using Routh's stability criterion, determine the range of values of K for which the closed-loop system has 1 or 2 poles in the right-half s-plane.

Consider the feedback control system shown
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Find the sensitivity of transfer function to variations in parameter K. What is its. magnitude at ω 5 for K 1

Write about the process details of Chemical Vapor Deposition.

Explain and differentiate between baseland communication and carrier communication.· An audio FM system with audio frequency of 1 KHz and audio frequency voltage of 4·8V is used with frequency deviation of 7·2 KHz.
Calculate modulation index. If the voltage of audio signal now increased to 8·2 what is new deviation? Now if both audio voltage and frequency are changed to 1 OV and 200 Hz calculate deviation and modulation Index.

Zero mean white Gausian noise with a two sided power spectral density of 4 W/KHz is passed through an ideal low pass filter with cut off frequency of 2 KHz and pass land gain of unity to produce the noise output

Obtain the total power in

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The open-loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is given

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Find an expression for gain K in terms of T1, T2 and specified gain margin What is its phase margin for K T1 0·2 and T2 0·05


2. Given a 3-stage Lattice filter with· reflection coefficients K1 K2 1/4 and K3 1/3 . Determine FIR filter coefficients for the direct form structure.


3.
A discrete memory less source generates either O or 1 at a rate of 160 Kbps; 0 is generated three times more frequently than 1. A binary PSK modulator is employed to transmit these bits over a noisy channel
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Determine the transmitted signal energy per bit.

Determine the basis function for this binary PSK scheme.

Determine the probability of error when channel is assumed to be zero mean

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Consider the feedback system shown
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If the resonant peak and resonant frequency of this system is l·04 and 11·55 rad/sec respectively, find its settling time and bandwidth.


Sketch its root-locus plot also as K varies from 0 to ∞ Using root-locus plot, comment on the settling time. transfer the data of 100· Bytes from RAM starting at

3.
Write a program to address FOOOH to the place at address I000H. using 8237; having channel 1-1 in write mode.


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4.

What are the different types of error in Delta Modulation How can these be removed?

An optical fiber system employs an LED transmitter which launches. an average of 300 UW of optical power at a wavelength of 0·8 Um into the optical cable. The cable has an overall attenuation or 4 dB/Km. The APD receiver requires 1200 incident photons in order to register a binary 1 with a BER of 10^-10. Determine the maximum distance (without repeaters) provided by the system when the transmission rate is 1 Mbps.


4.
Consider the signal flow graph shown

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Consider the open-loop unstable system with the transfer function

s 2

Using Nyquist stability . criterion, determine whether the system is stable when the feedback path is closed.


Implement the given logic using multiplexes (3x8).
F Σ 10, 11, 14, 15)

Determine the range of a and b for which LTI system with impulse response

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A e-band earth station has an antenna with a transmit gain of 54 dB. T11e transmitter output power is set to 100 W at a frequency of 6·100 GHz. The signal is received by a satellite at a distance of 37500 km by an antenna with a gain of 26 dB. The signal is then routed to a transponder with a noise temperature of 500 a bandwidth of 36 MHz and a gain of 110 dB.

Calculate the path loss at 6·l GHz if the wavelength is 0·04918 m.

Calculate tl1e power at the output port of the satellite antenna.

Calculate the carrier power in watts at the transponder output.


An Engineer wishes to make a silica-core, step index fiber with 75 and a numerical aperture NA= 0·30 to be used at 1300 nm. If n1 1·458, what should be the core size and cladding index


5.
Determine the divergence of the vector fields.

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In a non-magnetic medium

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Find the and the intrinsic impedance of the medium. Also compute the time- average power carried by the wave.



5.
Write down binary equivalent of decimal in Fixed Point Notation and also in Floating Point Notation assuming Two's complement for negative numbers and
decimal exponent.


A cellular communication network, for a medium size city, uses a transmitting and receiving antennas of heights 30 metres and 4 metres respectively. If the separation
between two antennas is 10 km and carrier frequency is 1000 MHz, compute the path loss and antenna height correction factor.


.
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In a circuit as shown, a load ZL 200 100 .Q is to be matched to a 40 .Q line, using a length, of loss less transmission line of characteristics impedance, Z1• Find l and Z1•


6.
Write down with example one method of Deadlock Prevention in operating systems.

Give examples of Linear search and Binary search of an array.


7.
Consider an optical link consisting of a 5 km long step-index fiber with core index n1 1.49 and relative index difference 1%.

Find the delay difference at the fiber end between the slowest and fastest modes.

Find the rms pulse broadening caused by intermodel dispersion.

(iii). Calculate the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted over the fiber without significant errors.



Explain the term reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio for a transmission line terminated by load impedance ZL.

An air filled waveguide of cross-section 5 cm x 2 cm is operating in TE10 mode at a frequency of 4 GHz. Determine
The group velocity

The guided wavelength

Calculate cut off frequency

What will be the attenuation if operating frequency drops to 2 GHz?


7.
Prove that the minimum number of instructions in a high-level Computer Programming Language for Complete Procedural Programming is FIVE Exhibit them.

Write a code (pseudo code or that of any standard programming language (specify)) for interchanging -the values of two variables by using a third variable by not using any extra variable.


8.
An air-filled rectangular cavity resonator has its first three resonant modes at frequencies 5·2, 6·5 and 7·2 ·GHz. Find the dimensions of the cavity.



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Derive an expression for the half-power beamwidth of the x-y plane pattern of a λ/2 dipole placed in front of a flat reflector as shown. What is the half-power beamwidth if λ/4



. .
In parameter passing in programming give, examples to differentiate between

CALLBYVALUE

CALL BY REFERENCE

Illustrate with the help of a block diagram their mechanisms.