In the quest for development of a Nation, primary education is absolutely essential because it creates the base . But higher education is just as important for it provides the cutting edge. These can be no doubt that higher education has made a significant contribution to economic development, social progress and political democracy in Independent India. It is a source of dynamism for the economy. It has created social opportunities for people fostered the vibrant democracy in our polity, provided a beginning for the creation of a knowledge society. At the same time, it has weaknesses also that are a cause for serious concern. There is, in fact, a quiet crisis in higher education in India that runs deep. It is not yet discernible simply because there are pockets of excellence, an enormous reservoir of latented young people and an intense competition in the admissions process. The reality is that we have miles to go. The proportion of our population, in the age group 18-24, that enters the world of higher education is around which is only one-half the average for Asia. The opportunities for higher education, in terms of the number of places in universities, are simply not enough in relation to our needs. The quality of higher education in most of our universities requires substantial improvement.
It is clear that the system of higher education in India faces serious challenges. It needs a systematic overhaul, so that we can educate much larger numbers without diluting academic standards. It needs a massive expansion of opportunities for higher education, to 1500 universities nationwide, that would enable India to attain a gross enrolment ratio of at least 15% by 2015. It is very important to raise the average quality of higher education in every sphere and also to create institutions that are exemplars of excellence at par with the best in the world. In the pursuit of these objectives, providing people with access to higher education in a socially inclusive manner is imperative.
We recognize that a meaningful reform of the higher education system, with a long-term perspective is both complex and difficult yet, it is imperative. And we would suggest the following building blocks in this endeavour
To reform existing public universities and undergraduate colleges

To overhaul the entire regulatory structure governing higher education

Every possible source of financing investment in higher education needs to be explored

To think about pro-active strategies for enhancement of quality in higher education

To create new institutions in the form of National universities that would become role models as centres of academic excellence

The higher education system must be so designed that it provides access to marginalized and excluded groups.

1. What are the contributions of higher education in the development of Indian society

2. Discuss the serious challenges and crisis faced by higher education system in India today.

3. Point out the reforms suggested to improve the access and quality of higher education.

4. Elucidate the need for higher education as enunciated in this paragraph.

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6. Give a very brief account of curriculum in the Gandhian scheme of education.

7. Give a brief account of the method of teaching envisaged by Rabindranath Tagore.

8. List the Endogenous and Exogenous factors influencing social change and give one example of each.

9. Define 'social equality and 'social equity 'and give one example of each.

10. Define Personality. Discuss the significance of Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development.

11. Describe the areas of differences found among the children of a classroom. What provisions could be made in the school to handle individual differences

12. Discuss with example the concept of 'Latent Learning' as given by Tolman.

13. " Gagnee's Taxonomy of learning outcomes appear to incorporate all the levels of Bloom's Taxonomy." How far do you agree with the statement Support your answer with examples.

14. What are the two methods of 'Adjustment' adopted by persons with behavioural problems? Discuss any one of them.

15. Define hypothesis. List the characteristics of a good hypothesis.

16. Define a 'population' and a 'sample'. Describe the characteristics of a good sample.

17. Point out the differences between India and Australia in Distance Education.

18. Discuss vocationalization of education in USA.

19. Discuss the relevance of different types of tests in guidance and counselling

20. What kind of guidance services are provided at school level Give examples.

21. Write the main characteristics of Bureaucratic Approach to educational administration and highlight its merits and demerits.

22. Discuss the 'human relations' approach to educational administration under the following headings:

Basic values and principles


Hindrances faced in using the approach


23. Can we measure leadership Discuss three tools and methods of measuring educational leadership style or behaviour.

24. Explain 'Manpower Approach' to educational 'Planning vs 'Social Demand' Approach. Discuss them with examples.

25. Discuss the relevant qualities and skills of an educational supervisor. Who can make the supervisory programme effective and purposeful.

21. What are norms How are different types of norms established Explain with examples.

22. Explain Likerts method of scaling in the context of measurement of attitude.

23. Discuss the merits and demerits of grading system in examinations and discuss how it is an improvement over the traditional numerical system.

24. Define validity. Explain how different types of validity are established. Give examples.

25. Differentiate among questionnaire, schedule and inventory with reference to their purposes and applications.


21. Explain the meaning and significance of Multimedia approach in Educational Technology.

22. What are the barriers of communication How do you overcome them in the classroom?

23. What is programmed instruction Discuss with reasons its success/failure in the field of Indian Education.

24. Point out the differences among Teaching, Instruction and Training with the help of examples.

25. What are student support services in Distance Education Discuss their effectiveness in the present context.

21. Discuss the concept and objectives of 'Special Education' programme in India.

22. How will you identify a mentally retarded child in your locality What enrichment programme will you suggest for his/her education.

23. Define visual impairment. Mention the characteristics of visually impaired children.

24. "A gifted child need not necessarily posses a very high Intelligence Quotient". How far do you agree with the statement Give the characteristics of gifted children.

25. Define Learning Disability. Discuss the testing devices used as diagnostic measures for identification of children with Learning Disability.

21. What are the recommendations of Kothari Commission on Teacher Education

22. Distinguish between the aims and objectives of teacher education at elementary and secondary level.

23. What are the salient proposals of National Policy on Education 1986 on Teacher Education

24. Briefly explain the latest trends and innovations in teacher education curriculum.

25. What are the problems and limitations for preparing teachers for special schools

26. Discuss the challenges of education in India in the context of Globalisation keeping in view the different levels of education i.e. elementary, secondary, higher, professional and technical.

27. Critically analyse the constitutional provisions for women education and their implementation leading to women empowerment in India

28. Discuss the thrust areas of educational research and their implications for the improvement of
Examination system

Teacher education programme

Educational management practices